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Urdu toxic span detection remains limited because most existing systems rely on sentence-level classification and fail to identify the specific toxic spans within those text. It is further exacerbated by the multiple factors i.e. lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Inayat Arshad , Fajar Saleem , Ijaz Hussain

This work proposes an attention-based sequence-to-sequence model for handwritten word recognition and explores transfer learning for data-efficient training of HTR systems. To overcome training data scarcity, this work leverages models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Dmitrijs Kass , Ekta Vats

The development of Urdu scene text detection, recognition, and Visual Question Answering (VQA) technologies is crucial for advancing accessibility, information retrieval, and linguistic diversity in digital content, facilitating better…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Hiba Maryam , Ling Fu , Jiajun Song , Tajrian ABM Shafayet , Qidi Luo , Xiang Bai , Yuliang Liu

Arabic language is one of the most popular languages in the world. Hundreds of millions of people in many countries around the world speak Arabic as their native speaking. However, due to complexity of Arabic language, recognition of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-02-07 Ashraf A. Shahin

Urdu, spoken by 230 million people worldwide, lacks dedicated transformer-based language models and curated corpora. While multilingual models provide limited Urdu support, they suffer from poor performance, high computational costs, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Syed Muhammad Ali , Hammad Sajid , Zainab Haider , Ali Muhammad Asad , Haya Fatima , Abdul Samad

The ultimate aim of handwriting recognition is to make computers able to read and/or authenticate human written texts, with a performance comparable to or even better than that of humans. Reading means that the computer is given a piece of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2012-06-26 Manal A. Abdullah , Lulwah M. Al-Harigy , Hanadi H. Al-Fraidi

This study investigates the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly GPT-4o, for Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in low-resource scripts such as Urdu, Albanian, and Tajik, with English serving as a benchmark. Using a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Muhammad Abdullah Sohail , Salaar Masood , Hamza Iqbal

Online Handwritten Text Recognition (OLHTR) has gained considerable attention for its diverse range of applications. Current approaches usually treat OLHTR as a sequence recognition task, employing either a single trajectory or image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Chenyu Liu , Jinshui Hu , Baocai Yin , Jia Pan , Bing Yin , Jun Du , Qingfeng Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are now capable of generating text that closely resembles human writing, making them powerful tools for content creation, but this growing ability has also made it harder to tell whether a piece of text was…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Muhammad Ammar , Hadiya Murad Hadi , Usman Majeed Butt

Arabic handwriting is a consonantal and cursive writing. The analysis of Arabic script is further complicated due to obligatory dots/strokes that are placed above or below most letters and usually written delayed in order. Due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-10-20 Ibrahim Abdelaziz , Sherif Abdou , Hassanin Al-Barhamtoshy

Human lip-reading is a challenging task. It requires not only knowledge of underlying language but also visual clues to predict spoken words. Experts need certain level of experience and understanding of visual expressions learning to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-16 M Faisal , Sanaullah Manzoor

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) under limited labeled data remains a challenging problem, particularly for Arabic-script languages. Although modern sequence-based recognizers perform well in high-resource settings, their accuracy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sana Al-azzawi , Elisa Barney , Marcus Liwicki

Character recognition is the fundamental part of an optical character recognition (OCR) system. Word recognition, sentence transcription, document digitization, and language processing are some of the higher-order activities that can be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mirza Raquib , Asif Pervez Polok , Kedar Nath Biswas , Farida Siddiqi Prity , Saydul Akbar Murad , Nick Rahimi

Building robust recognizers for Arabic has always been challenging. We demonstrate the effectiveness of an end-to-end trainable CNN-RNN hybrid architecture in recognizing Arabic text in videos and natural scenes. We outperform previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Mohit Jain , Minesh Mathew , C. V. Jawahar

Call Centers have huge amount of audio data which can be used for achieving valuable business insights and transcription of phone calls is manually tedious task. An effective Automated Speech Recognition system can accurately transcribe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Muhammad Danyal Khan , Raheem Ali , Arshad Aziz

Despite considerable progress in handwritten text recognition, paragraph-level handwritten text recognition, especially in low-resource languages, such as Hindi, Urdu and similar scripts, remains a challenging problem. These languages,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sayantan Dey , Alireza Alaei , Partha Pratim Roy

Handwritten numeral recognition is in general a benchmark problem of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence. Compared to the problem of printed numeral recognition, the problem of handwritten numeral recognition is compounded due…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2010-03-10 Nibaran Das , Ayatullah Faruk Mollah , Sudip Saha , Syed Sahidul Haque

State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing algorithms rely heavily on efficient word segmentation. Urdu is amongst languages for which word segmentation is a complex task as it exhibits space omission as well as space insertion issues.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-15 Haris Bin Zia , Agha Ali Raza , Awais Athar

Online hatred is a growing concern on many social media platforms. To address this issue, different social media platforms have introduced moderation policies for such content. They also employ moderators who can check the posts violating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Mithun Das , Somnath Banerjee , Punyajoy Saha

The recognition of unconstrained handwriting continues to be a difficult task for computers despite active research for several decades. This is because handwritten text offers great challenges such as character and word segmentation,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-01-22 Yusuf Perwej