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Deep neural networks are powerful tools to detect hidden patterns in data and leverage them to make predictions, but they are not designed to understand uncertainty and estimate reliable probabilities. In particular, they tend to be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-10 Bat-Sheva Einbinder , Yaniv Romano , Matteo Sesia , Yanfei Zhou

Supervised learning of deep neural networks heavily relies on large-scale datasets annotated by high-quality labels. In contrast, mislabeled samples can significantly degrade the generalization of models and result in memorizing samples,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Tsung-Ming Tai , Yun-Jie Jhang , Wen-Jyi Hwang

Complex machine learning models are deployed in several critical domains including healthcare and autonomous vehicles nowadays, albeit as functional black boxes. Consequently, there has been a recent surge in interpreting decisions of such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-20 Zijian Zhang , Jaspreet Singh , Ujwal Gadiraju , Avishek Anand

The weak-to-strong generalization phenomenon is the driver for important machine learning applications including highly data-efficient learning and, most recently, performing superalignment. While decades of research have resulted in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Changho Shin , John Cooper , Frederic Sala

We introduce Harmonic Robustness, a powerful and intuitive method to test the robustness of any machine-learning model either during training or in black-box real-time inference monitoring without ground-truth labels. It is based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Nicholas S. Kersting , Yi Li , Aman Mohanty , Oyindamola Obisesan , Raphael Okochu

Reward-model-based fine-tuning is a central paradigm in aligning Large Language Models with human preferences. However, such approaches critically rely on the assumption that proxy reward models accurately reflect intended supervision, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zixuan Liu , Siavash H. Khajavi , Guangkai Jiang , Xinru Liu

While great advances are made in pattern recognition and machine learning, the successes of such fields remain restricted to narrow applications and seem to break down when training data is scarce, a shift in domain occurs, or when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-20 Amir Rosenfeld , John K. Tsotsos

As AI becomes more capable, we entrust it with more general and consequential tasks. The risks from failure grow more severe with increasing task scope. It is therefore important to understand how extremely capable AI models will fail: Will…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Alexander Hägele , Aryo Pradipta Gema , Henry Sleight , Ethan Perez , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

Deep Neural Networks are often brittle on image classification tasks and known to misclassify inputs. While these misclassifications may be inevitable, all failure modes cannot be considered equal. Certain misclassifications (eg.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Alberto Olmo , Sailik Sengupta , Subbarao Kambhampati

The prevailing approach to aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) typically relies on human or AI feedback and assumes access to specific types of preference datasets. In our work, we question the efficacy of such datasets and explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Hao Sun

Despite multiple efforts made towards robust machine learning (ML) models, their vulnerability to adversarial examples remains a challenging problem that calls for rethinking the defense strategy. In this paper, we take a step back and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Abderrahmen Amich , Birhanu Eshete

Machine learning (ML) models have difficulty generalizing when the number of training class instances are numerically imbalanced. The problem of generalization in the face of data imbalance has largely been attributed to the lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Damien A. Dablain , Nitesh V. Chawla

We consider Heterogeneous Transfer Learning (HTL) from a source to a new target domain for high-dimensional regression with differing feature sets. Most homogeneous TL methods assume that target and source domains share the same feature…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-02 Jae Ho Chang , Massimiliano Russo , Subhadeep Paul

While reliable data-driven decision-making hinges on high-quality labeled data, the acquisition of quality labels often involves laborious human annotations or slow and expensive scientific measurements. Machine learning is becoming an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-01 Tijana Zrnic , Emmanuel J. Candès

Central to human-aligned AI is understanding the benefits of human-elicited labels over synthetic alternatives. While human soft-labels improve calibration by capturing uncertainty, prior studies conflate these benefits with the implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Maja Pavlovic , Silviu Paun , Massimo Poesio

Human parsing has been extensively studied recently due to its wide applications in many important scenarios. Mainstream fashion parsing models focus on parsing the high-resolution and clean images. However, directly applying the parsers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-09 Si Liu , Yao Sun , Defa Zhu , Guanghui Ren , Yu Chen , Jiashi Feng , Jizhong Han

In the context of supervised statistical learning, it is typically assumed that the training set comes from the same distribution that draws the test samples. When this is not the case, the behavior of the learned model is unpredictable and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Antonio-Javier Gallego , Jorge Calvo-Zaragoza , Robert B. Fisher

Features in machine learning problems are often time-varying and may be related to outputs in an algebraic or dynamical manner. The dynamic nature of these machine learning problems renders current higher order accelerated gradient descent…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-29 Joseph E. Gaudio , Travis E. Gibson , Anuradha M. Annaswamy , Michael A. Bolender

In recent studies, the generalization properties for distributed learning and random features assumed the existence of the target concept over the hypothesis space. However, this strict condition is not applicable to the more common…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Jian Li , Yong Liu , Weiping Wang

A common assumption in machine learning is that samples are independently and identically distributed (i.i.d). However, the contributions of different samples are not identical in training. Some samples are difficult to learn and some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Ou Wu , Weiyao Zhu , Yingjun Deng , Haixiang Zhang , Qinghu Hou