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Recent methodological developments have introduced new black-box approaches to better estimate heterogeneous treatment effects; however, these methods fall short of providing interpretable characterizations of the underlying individuals who…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-19 Melody Huang , Tiffany M. Tang , Ana M. Kenney

We propose Black Box Explanations through Transparent Approximations (BETA), a novel model agnostic framework for explaining the behavior of any black-box classifier by simultaneously optimizing for fidelity to the original model and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Himabindu Lakkaraju , Ece Kamar , Rich Caruana , Jure Leskovec

We present an interpretable companion model for any pre-trained black-box classifiers. The idea is that for any input, a user can decide to either receive a prediction from the black-box model, with high accuracy but no explanations, or…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-12 Danqing Pan , Tong Wang , Satoshi Hara

High-stakes applications require AI-generated models to be interpretable. Current algorithms for the synthesis of potentially interpretable models rely on objectives or regularization terms that represent interpretability only coarsely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Marco Virgolin , Andrea De Lorenzo , Francesca Randone , Eric Medvet , Mattias Wahde

Learning heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) is an important problem across many fields. Most existing methods consider the setting with a single treatment arm and a single outcome metric. However, in many real world domains, experiments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Leon Yao , Caroline Lo , Israel Nir , Sarah Tan , Ariel Evnine , Adam Lerer , Alex Peysakhovich

Estimating how a treatment affects units individually, known as heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE) estimation, is an essential part of decision-making and policy implementation. The accumulation of large amounts of data in many domains,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Christopher Tran , Elena Zheleva

In recent years, the use of sophisticated statistical models that influence decisions in domains of high societal relevance is on the rise. Although these models can often bring substantial improvements in the accuracy and efficiency of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Alfredo Carrillo , Luis F. Cantú , Alejandro Noriega

Identifying heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) in randomized controlled trials is an important step toward understanding and acting on trial results. However, HTEs are often small and difficult to identify, and HTE modeling methods…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-24 Erin Craig , Donald A Redelmeier , Robert J Tibshirani

Machine learning methods can be a valuable aid in the scientific process, but they need to face challenging settings where data come from inhomogeneous experimental conditions. Recent meta-learning methods have made significant progress in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Matthieu Blanke , Marc Lelarge

We propose Partially Interpretable Estimators (PIE) which attribute a prediction to individual features via an interpretable model, while a (possibly) small part of the PIE prediction is attributed to the interaction of features via a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Tong Wang , Jingyi Yang , Yunyi Li , Boxiang Wang

Heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) are commonly identified during randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Identifying subgroups of patients with similar treatment effects is of high interest in clinical research to advance precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Peniel N. Argaw , Elizabeth Healey , Isaac S. Kohane

We propose a matching method for observational data that matches units with others in unit-specific, hyper-box-shaped regions of the covariate space. These regions are large enough that many matches are created for each unit and small…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-11 Marco Morucci , Vittorio Orlandi , Sudeepa Roy , Cynthia Rudin , Alexander Volfovsky

The increasing scientific attention given to precision medicine based on real-world data has led many recent studies to clarify the relationships between treatment effects and patient characteristics. However, this is challenging because of…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-20 Ke Wan , Kensuke Tanioka , Toshio Shimokawa

There is a need of ensuring machine learning models that are interpretable. Higher interpretability of the model means easier comprehension and explanation of future predictions for end-users. Further, interpretable machine learning models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Gregor Stiglic , Primoz Kocbek , Nino Fijacko , Marinka Zitnik , Katrien Verbert , Leona Cilar

Practitioners in medicine, business, political science, and other fields are increasingly aware that decisions should be personalized to each patient, customer, or voter. A given treatment (e.g. a drug or advertisement) should be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-15 Alejandro Schuler , Michael Baiocchi , Robert Tibshirani , Nigam Shah

Analyzing data from multiple sources offers valuable opportunities to improve the estimation efficiency of causal estimands. However, this analysis also poses many challenges due to population heterogeneity and data privacy constraints.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-23 Rong Zhao , Jason Falvey , Xu Shi , Vernon M. Chinchilli , Chixiang Chen

Recent work has made important contributions in the development of causally-interpretable meta-analysis. These methods transport treatment effects estimated in a collection of randomized trials to a target population of interest. Ideally,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-08 Justin M. Clark , Kollin W. Rott , James S. Hodges , Jared D. Huling

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) over time is crucial in many disciplines such as personalized medicine. For example, electronic health records are commonly collected over several time periods and then used to personalize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Dennis Frauen , Konstantin Hess , Stefan Feuerriegel

Data-driven pricing strategies are becoming increasingly common, where customers are offered a personalized price based on features that are predictive of their valuation of a product. It is desirable for this pricing policy to be simple…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-11 Max Biggs , Wei Sun , Markus Ettl

Estimating individualised treatment effect (ITE) -- that is the causal effect of a set of variables (also called exposures, treatments, actions, policies, or interventions), referred to as \textit{composite treatments}, on a set of outcome…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Vinod Kumar Chauhan , Lei Clifton , Gaurav Nigam , David A. Clifton