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Large-scale quantum networks with thousands of nodes require scalable network protocols and physical hardware to realize. In this work, we introduce packet switching as a new paradigm for quantum data transmission in both future and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-17 Stephen DiAdamo , Bing Qi , Glen Miller , Ramana Kompella , Alireza Shabani

Recent progress in applying complex network theory to problems in quantum information has resulted in a beneficial crossover. Complex network methods have successfully been applied to transport and entanglement models while information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 Jacob Biamonte , Mauro Faccin , Manlio De Domenico

We present the architecture and near-term use cases for a first-generation commercial quantum network. We define the foundational hardware and software elements required to operate and manage the network. Finally, we discuss the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-05 Duncan Earl , K Karunaratne , Jason Schaake , Ryan Strum , Patrick Swingle , Ryan Wilson

Quantum communication networks (QCNs) utilize quantum mechanics for secure information transmission, but the reliance on fragile and expensive photonic quantum resources renders QCN resource optimization challenging. Unlike prior QCN works…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Mahdi Chehimi , Christina Chaccour , Christo Kurisummoottil Thomas , Walid Saad

With the recent advancements and developments in quantum technologies, the emerging field of quantum communication and networking has gained the attention of the researchers. Owing to the unique properties of quantum mechanics, viz.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-10 Hrishikesh Dutta , Amit Kumar Bhuyan

Quantum networks will play a key role in distributed quantum information processing. As the network size increases, network-level errors like random breakdown and intentional attack are inevitable; therefore, it is important to understand…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-17 Bingzhi Zhang , Quntao Zhuang

In the creation of a smart future information society, Internet of Things (IoT) and Content Centric Networking (CCN) break two key barriers for both the front-end sensing and back-end networking. However, we still observe the missing piece…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Dapeng Wu , Zhenjiang Li , Jianping Wang , Yuanqing Zheng , Mo Li , Qiuyuan Huang

Quantum networks, capable of transmitting arbitrary quantum states, provide a foundation for a wide range of quantum applications, including distributed quantum computing, distributed quantum sensing, and quantum communication. Photons are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-28 Tian-Xiang Zhu , Xiao Liu , Zong-Quan Zhou , Chuan-Feng Li

Classical Internet evolved exceptionally during the last five decades, from a network comprising a few static nodes in the early days to a leviathan interconnecting billions of devices. This has been possible by the separation of concern…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Jessica Illiano , Marcello Caleffi , Antonio Manzalini , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

To perform Quantum Key Distribution, the mastering of the extremely weak signals carried by the quantum channel is required. Transporting these signals without disturbance is customarily done by isolating the quantum channel from any noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-06-21 D. Lancho , J. Martinez , D. Elkouss , M. Soto , V. Martin

Quantum federated learning (QFL) is a novel framework that integrates the advantages of classical federated learning (FL) with the computational power of quantum technologies. This includes quantum computing and quantum machine learning…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Mahdi Chehimi , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen , Walid Saad , Don Towsley , Mérouane Debbah

This paper presents the design of scalable quantum networks that utilize optical switches to interconnect multiple quantum processors, facilitating large-scale quantum computing. By leveraging these novel architectures, we aim to address…

Quantum networks are advancing the information technology infrastructure of society. Simulation and emulation software tools have emerged to support the design, development, and deployment of quantum networks, however, classical simulation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Brian Doolittle , Michael Cubeddu

The practical utility of a quantum network depends on its ability to establish entanglement between arbitrary node pairs with quality sufficient to execute entanglement enabled tasks. This capability can be assessed globally, through…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Md Sohel Mondal , Shashank Shekhar , Siddhartha Santra

The second quantum revolution brings with it the promise of a quantum internet. As the first quantum network hardware prototypes near completion new challenges emerge. A functional network is more than just the physical hardware, yet work…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Wojciech Kozlowski , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner

The advanced notebooks, mobile phones, and internet applications in today's world that we use are all entrenched in classical communication bits of zeros and ones. Classical internet has laid its foundation originating from the amalgamation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-02 Amoldeep Singh , Kapal Dev , Harun Siljak , Hem Dutt Joshi , Maurizio Magarini

Quantum networks are of high interest nowadays and a quantum internet has been long envisioned. Network-entanglement adapts the notion of entanglement to the network scenario and network-entangled states are considered to be a resource to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Zhen-Peng Xu , Julio I. de Vicente , Liang-Liang Sun , Sixia Yu

As the inevitable development trend of quantum key distribution, quantum networks have attracted extensive attention, and many prototypes have been deployed over recent years. Existing quantum networks based on optical fibers or quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-29 Dong Jiang , Weicong Huang , Chaohui Gao , Jia Liu , Lijun Chen

Quantum networks are complex systems formed by the interaction among quantum processors through quantum channels. Analogous to classical computer networks, quantum networks allow for the distribution of quantum operations among quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-14 Matheus Guedes de Andrade , Nitish K. Panigrahy , Wenhan Dai , Saikat Guha , Don Towsley

As the world prepares for the advent of 6G networks, quantum technologies are becoming critical enablers of the next generation of communication systems. This survey paper investigates the convergence of quantum technologies and 6G…