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The successive cancellation list decoder (SCL) is an efficient decoder for classical polar codes with low decoding error, approximating the maximum likelihood decoder (MLD) for small list sizes. Here we adapt the SCL to the task of decoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-14 Anqi Gong , Joseph M. Renes

Backpropagation (BP) is the standard algorithm for training the deep neural networks that power modern artificial intelligence including large language models. However, BP is energy inefficient and unlikely to be implemented by the brain.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Francesco Innocenti

Quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes are promising candidates for error correction in quantum computers. One of the major challenges in implementing QLDPC codes in quantum computers is the lack of a universal decoder. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Sisi Miao , Alexander Schnerring , Haizheng Li , Laurent Schmalen

The problem of low complexity, close to optimal, channel decoding of linear codes with short to moderate block length is considered. It is shown that deep learning methods can be used to improve a standard belief propagation decoder,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-03-14 Eliya Nachmani , Elad Marciano , Loren Lugosch , Warren J. Gross , David Burshtein , Yair Beery

We propose a modified iterative bounded distance decoding of product codes. The proposed algorithm is based on exchanging hard messages iteratively and exploiting channel reliabilities to make hard decisions at each iteration. Performance…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Alireza Sheikh , Alexandre Graell i Amat , Gianluigi Liva

Polar codes are widely used in modern communication systems due to their capacity-achieving properties. This paper investigates the importance of coded bits in the decoding process of polar codes and aims to determine which bits contribute…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Hossam Hassan , Ali Gaber , Mohammed Karmoose , Noha Korany

We introduce a sliding window decoder based on belief propagation (BP) with guided decimation for the purposes of decoding quantum low-density parity-check codes in the presence of circuit-level noise. Windowed decoding keeps the decoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-29 Anqi Gong , Sebastian Cammerer , Joseph M. Renes

This paper formulates the polar-code construction problem for the successive-cancellation list (SCL) decoder as a maze-traversing game, which can be solved by reinforcement learning techniques. The proposed method provides a novel technique…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Yun Liao , Seyyed Ali Hashemi , John Cioffi , Andrea Goldsmith

The equivalence of peeling decoding (PD) and Belief Propagation (BP) for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the binary erasure channel is analyzed. Modifying the scheduling for PD, it is shown that exactly the same variable nodes…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-04-19 Markus Stinner , Luca Barletta , Pablo M. Olmos

This study investigates the problem of learning linear block codes optimized for Belief-Propagation decoders significantly improving performance compared to the state-of-the-art. Our previous research is extended with an enhanced system…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Louis-Adrien Dufrène , Quentin Lampin , Guillaume Larue

This paper proposes a quasi-belief propagation decoder for BCH codes that systematically integrates domain knowledge--specifically, channel noise variance, the cyclic property of the codes, and the deliberate redundancy in their…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Guangwen Li

We introduce a new heuristic decoder, Relay-BP, targeting real-time quantum circuit decoding for large-scale quantum computers. Relay-BP achieves high accuracy across circuit-noise decoding problems: significantly outperforming BP+OSD+CS-10…

In this paper, we investigate distributed inference schemes, over binary-valued Markov random fields, which are realized by the belief propagation (BP) algorithm. We first show that a decision variable obtained by the BP algorithm in a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Younes Abdi , Tapani Ristaniemi

For polar codes, successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding algorithm significantly improves finite-length performance compared to SC decoding. SCL-flip decoding can further enhance the performance but the gain diminishes as code length…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Xianbin Wang , Huazi Zhang , Jiajie Tong , Jun Wang , Wen Tong

Belief propagation (BP) algorithm is a widely used message-passing method for inference in graphical models. BP on loop-free graphs converges in linear time. But for graphs with loops, BP's performance is uncertain, and the understanding of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-30 Dong Liu , Minh Thành Vu , Zuxing Li , Lars K. Rasmussen

We propose a new method called decoupling representation to represent Pauli operators as vectors over $GF(2)$, based on which we propose partially decoupled belief propagation and fully decoupled belief propagation decoding algorithm for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-05 Zhengzhong Yi , Zhipeng Liang , Kaixin Zhong , Yulin Wu , Zhou Fang , Xuan Wang

This paper introduces an efficient algorithm based on the Parity-Consistent Decomposition (PCD) method to determine the WD of pre-transformed polar codes. First, to address the bit dependencies introduced by the pre-transformation matrix,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yang Liu , Bolin Wu , Yuxin Han , Kai Niu

Low-density parity-check codes are attractive for high throughput applications because of their low decoding complexity per bit, but also because all the codeword bits can be decoded in parallel. However, achieving this in a circuit…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2012-05-14 François Leduc-Primeau , Saied Hemati , Shie Mannor , Warren J. Gross

In this work, we investigate the decoding of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes using informed dynamic scheduling algorithms that require a reduced number of iterations. In particular, we devise the weighted residual layered belief…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-18 H. Touati , R. C. de Lamare

Polar codes are the first codes with a proven capacity-achieving capability, but their decoding faces several challenges, especially under long code lengths. In this paper, we target algorithmic improvements and analyses to enable the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jiajie Li , Sihui Shen , Warren J. Gross
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