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Rainbow Deep Q-Network (DQN) demonstrated combining multiple independent enhancements could significantly boost a reinforcement learning (RL) agent's performance. In this paper, we present "Beyond The Rainbow" (BTR), a novel algorithm that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Tyler Clark , Mark Towers , Christine Evers , Jonathon Hare

Recently, Model-Based Reinforcement Learning (MBRL) have achieved super-human level performance on the Atari100k benchmark on average. However, we discover that conventional aggregates mask a major problem, Performance Asymmetry: MBRL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Jing Yu Lim , Rushi Shah , Zarif Ikram , Samson Yu , Haozhe Ma , Tze-Yun Leong , Dianbo Liu

This paper introduces an open-source, decentralized framework named SigmaRL, designed to enhance both sample efficiency and generalization of multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (RL) for motion planning of connected and automated vehicles.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Jianye Xu , Pan Hu , Bassam Alrifaee

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a well-established framework for sequential decision-making in complex environments. However, state-of-the-art Deep RL (DRL) algorithms typically require large training datasets and often struggle to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Celeste Veronese , Alessandro Farinelli , Daniele Meli

We present a study in Distributed Deep Reinforcement Learning (DDRL) focused on scalability of a state-of-the-art Deep Reinforcement Learning algorithm known as Batch Asynchronous Advantage ActorCritic (BA3C). We show that using the Adam…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-10 Igor Adamski , Robert Adamski , Tomasz Grel , Adam Jędrych , Kamil Kaczmarek , Henryk Michalewski

Using a model of the environment, reinforcement learning agents can plan their future moves and achieve superhuman performance in board games like Chess, Shogi, and Go, while remaining relatively sample-efficient. As demonstrated by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Julien Scholz , Cornelius Weber , Muhammad Burhan Hafez , Stefan Wermter

Increasing the scale of reinforcement learning experiments has allowed researchers to achieve unprecedented results in both training sophisticated agents for video games, and in sim-to-real transfer for robotics. Typically such experiments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Aleksei Petrenko , Zhehui Huang , Tushar Kumar , Gaurav Sukhatme , Vladlen Koltun

Width-based planning has shown promising results on Atari 2600 games using pixel input, while using substantially fewer environment interactions than reinforcement learning. Recent width-based approaches have computed feature vectors for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Benjamin Ayton , Masataro Asai

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising strategy for finetuning small language models (SLMs) to solve targeted tasks such as math and coding. However, RL algorithms tend to be resource-intensive, taking a significant amount…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Lianghuan Huang , Sagnik Anupam , Insup Lee , Shuo Li , Osbert Bastani

Recently, model-based reinforcement learning algorithms have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in visual input environments. These approaches begin by constructing a parameterized simulation world model of the real environment through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Weipu Zhang , Gang Wang , Jian Sun , Yetian Yuan , Gao Huang

For sophisticated reinforcement learning (RL) systems to interact usefully with real-world environments, we need to communicate complex goals to these systems. In this work, we explore goals defined in terms of (non-expert) human…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-20 Paul Christiano , Jan Leike , Tom B. Brown , Miljan Martic , Shane Legg , Dario Amodei

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) often deals with suboptimal data when collecting large expert datasets is unavailable or impractical. This limitation makes it difficult for agents to generalize and achieve high performance, as they must…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Daniil Zelezetsky , Egor Cherepanov , Alexey K. Kovalev , Aleksandr I. Panov

Recent reinforcement learning (RL) approaches have shown strong performance in complex domains such as Atari games, but are often highly sample inefficient. A common approach to reduce interaction time with the environment is to use reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Prasoon Goyal , Scott Niekum , Raymond J. Mooney

MuZero Unplugged presents a promising approach for offline policy learning from logged data. It conducts Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with a learned model and leverages Reanalyze algorithm to learn purely from offline data. For good…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Zichen Liu , Siyi Li , Wee Sun Lee , Shuicheng Yan , Zhongwen Xu

Continuous-time reinforcement learning (CTRL) provides a principled framework for sequential decision-making in environments where interactions evolve continuously over time. Despite its empirical success, the theoretical understanding of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Runze Zhao , Yue Yu , Adams Yiyue Zhu , Chen Yang , Dongruo Zhou

Humans learn to play video games significantly faster than the state-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. People seem to build simple models that are easy to learn to support planning and strategic exploration. Inspired by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Ramtin Keramati , Jay Whang , Patrick Cho , Emma Brunskill

Poor sample efficiency continues to be the primary challenge for deployment of deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms for real-world applications, and in particular for visuo-motor control. Model-based RL has the potential to be highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Nicklas Hansen , Yixin Lin , Hao Su , Xiaolong Wang , Vikash Kumar , Aravind Rajeswaran

In the past few years, deep reinforcement learning has been proven to solve problems which have complex states like video games or board games. The next step of intelligent agents would be able to generalize between tasks, and using prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Shu-Hsuan Hsu , I-Chao Shen , Bing-Yu Chen

We evaluate the use of original game curricula supported by the Atari 2600 console as a heterogeneous transfer benchmark for deep reinforcement learning agents. Game designers created curricula using combinations of several discrete…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Andrei A. Rusu , Sebastian Flennerhag , Dushyant Rao , Razvan Pascanu , Raia Hadsell

Model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) holds the promise of sample-efficient learning by utilizing a world model, which models how the environment works and typically encompasses components for two tasks: observation modeling and reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Haoyu Ma , Jialong Wu , Ningya Feng , Chenjun Xiao , Dong Li , Jianye Hao , Jianmin Wang , Mingsheng Long
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