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One limitation of existing Transformer-based models is that they cannot handle very long sequences as input since their self-attention operations exhibit quadratic time and space complexity. This problem becomes especially acute when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yuzhen Mao , Martin Ester , Ke Li

Transformer architecture has been very successful long runner in the field of Deep Learning (DL) and Large Language Models (LLM) because of its powerful attention-based learning and parallel-natured architecture. As the models grow gigantic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Phani Kumar , Nyshadham , Jyothendra Varma , Polisetty V R K , Aditya Rathore

In recent years, quantum computers have emerged as promising candidates for implementing kernels. Quantum Embedding Kernels embed data points into quantum states and calculate their inner product in a high-dimensional Hilbert Space by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-13 Rodrigo Coelho , Georg Kruse , Andreas Rosskopf

Spike-based transformer is a novel architecture aiming to enhance the performance of spiking neural networks while mitigating the energy overhead inherent to transformers. However, methods for generating these models suffer from critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yuhao Zhang , Chengjun Zhang , Di Wu , Jie Yang , Mohamad Sawan

We present simple, user-friendly bounds for the expected operator norm of a random kernel matrix under general conditions on the kernel function $k(\cdot,\cdot)$. Our approach uses decoupling results for U-statistics and the non-commutative…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-07 Chiraag Kaushik , Justin Romberg , Vidya Muthukumar

Previous works have shown that increasing the window size for Transformer-based image super-resolution models (e.g., SwinIR) can significantly improve the model performance. Still, the computation overhead is also considerable when the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Yupeng Zhou , Zhen Li , Chun-Le Guo , Li Liu , Ming-Ming Cheng , Qibin Hou

Transformers have excelled in many tasks including vision. However, efficient deployment of transformer models in low-latency or high-throughput applications is hindered by the computation in the attention mechanism which involves expensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-12 John Yang , Le An , Su Inn Park

Random feature attention (RFA) adopts random fourier feature (RFF) methods to approximate the softmax function, resulting in a linear time and space attention mechanism that enables the construction of an efficient Transformer. Inspired by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Yuhan Guo , Lizhong Ding , Ye Yuan , Guoren Wang

Kernel-based methods for support vector machines (SVM) have shown highly advantageous performance in various applications. However, they may incur prohibitive computational costs for large-scale sample datasets. Therefore, data reduction…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-27 Shenglong Zhou

Domain specific (dis-)similarity or proximity measures used e.g. in alignment algorithms of sequence data, are popular to analyze complex data objects and to cover domain specific data properties. Without an underlying vector space these…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-11-07 Andrej Gisbrecht , Frank-Michael Schleif

Kernel methods provide a theoretically grounded framework for non-linear and non-parametric learning, with strong analytic foundations and statistical guarantees. Yet, their scalability has long been limited by prohibitive time and memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Maedeh Zarvandi , Michael Timothy , Theresa Wasserer , Debarghya Ghoshdastidar

The quadratic computation complexity of self-attention has been a persistent challenge when applying Transformer models to vision tasks. Linear attention, on the other hand, offers a much more efficient alternative with its linear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Dongchen Han , Xuran Pan , Yizeng Han , Shiji Song , Gao Huang

Recent work has revealed a link between self-attention mechanisms in transformers and test-time kernel regression via the Nadaraya-Watson estimator, with standard softmax attention corresponding to a Gaussian kernel. However, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Saul Santos , Nuno Gonçalves , Daniel C. McNamee , Marcos Treviso , André F. T Martins

In this paper, we tackle the high computational overhead of Transformers for efficient image super-resolution~(SR). Motivated by the observations of self-attention's inter-layer repetition, we introduce a convolutionized self-attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Dongheon Lee , Seokju Yun , Youngmin Ro

Gaussian processes regression models are an appealing machine learning method as they learn expressive non-linear models from exemplar data with minimal parameter tuning and estimate both the mean and covariance of unseen points. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Vladimir Joukov , Dana Kulić

The spectrum of a kernel matrix significantly depends on the parameter values of the kernel function used to define the kernel matrix. This makes it challenging to design a preconditioner for a regularized kernel matrix that is robust…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-04-10 Shifan Zhao , Tianshi Xu , Hua Huang , Edmond Chow , Yuanzhe Xi

Self-attention has become a defacto choice for capturing global context in various vision applications. However, its quadratic computational complexity with respect to image resolution limits its use in real-time applications, especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Abdelrahman Shaker , Muhammad Maaz , Hanoona Rasheed , Salman Khan , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Fahad Shahbaz Khan

We reconsider randomized algorithms for the low-rank approximation of symmetric positive semi-definite (SPSD) matrices such as Laplacian and kernel matrices that arise in data analysis and machine learning applications. Our main results…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-06-05 Alex Gittens , Michael W. Mahoney

Self-Attention Mechanism (SAM) excels at distilling important information from the interior of data to improve the computational efficiency of models. Nevertheless, many Quantum Machine Learning (QML) models lack the ability to distinguish…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-13 Ren-Xin Zhao , Jinjing Shi , Xuelong Li

The Nystrom method has been popular for generating the low-rank approximation of kernel matrices that arise in many machine learning problems. The approximation quality of the Nystrom method depends crucially on the number of selected…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-12-21 Farhad Pourkamali-Anaraki , Stephen Becker