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Constrained combinatorial optimization with strict linear constraints underpins applications in drug discovery, power grids, logistics, and finance, yet remains computationally demanding for classical algorithms, especially at large scales.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Yajie Hao , Qiming Ding , Xiao Yuan , Xiaoting Wang

The LogQ algorithm encodes Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems with exponentially fewer qubits than the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). The advantages of conventional LogQ are accompanied by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-14 Yagnik Chatterjee , Jérémie Messud

The presence of stochastic elements in combinatorial optimization problems makes them particularly challenging, as such problems quickly become intractable for classical computers even at relatively small sizes. In this work, we propose a…

To date, research in quantum computation promises potential for outperforming classical heuristics in combinatorial optimization. However, when aiming at provable optimality, one has to rely on classical exact methods like integer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Friedrich Wagner , Jonas Nüßlein , Frauke Liers

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising variational quantum algorithm introduced to tackle classically intractable combinatorial optimization problems. This tutorial offers a comprehensive, first-principles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Alessandro Giovagnoli

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) tasks are very important in chemistry, finance, job scheduling, and so on, which can be represented using graph structures, with the variables as nodes and the interaction between them as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-10 Yuhan Huang , Ferris Prima Nugraha , Siyuan Jin , Yichi Zhang , Bei Zeng , Qiming Shao

Quantum computing promises solutions to classically difficult and new-found problems through controlling the subtleties of quantum computing. The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a recently proposed quantum algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Nicholas J. Pritchard

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most short-term promising quantum-classical algorithm to solve unconstrained combinatorial optimization problems. It alternates between the execution of a parametrized quantum…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-18 Camille Grange , Marion Lavignac , Valentina Pozzoli , Eric Bourreau

While the ultimate goal of solving computationally intractable problems is to find a provably optimal solutions, practical constraints of real-world scenarios often necessitate focusing on efficiently obtaining high-quality, near-optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Prashanti Priya Angara , Emily Martins , Ulrike Stege , Hausi Müller

In this work, we introduce a novel Quadratic Binary Optimization (QBO) framework for training a quantized neural network. The framework enables the use of arbitrary activation and loss functions through spline interpolation, while Forward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Wenxin Li , Chuan Wang , Hongdong Zhu , Qi Gao , Yin Ma , Hai Wei , Kai Wen

Portfolio optimization is one of the most studied optimization problems at the intersection of quantum computing and finance. In this work, we develop the first quantum formulation for a portfolio optimization problem with higher-order…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Valter Uotila , Julia Ripatti , Bo Zhao

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to solve binary-variable optimization problems. Due to the short circuit depth and its expected robustness to systematic errors, it is one of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-23 Jason Larkin , Matías Jonsson , Daniel Justice , Gian Giacomo Guerreschi

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. However, it cannot overcome qubit limitation for large-scale problems. Furthermore, the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Junde Li , Mahabubul Alam , Swaroop Ghosh

Many classical optimization problems can be mapped to finding the ground states of diagonal Ising Hamiltonians, for which variational quantum algorithms such as the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) provide heuristic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-11 Yanzhu Chen , Linghua Zhu , Chenxu Liu , Nicholas J. Mayhall , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has been suggested as a promising candidate for the solution of combinatorial optimization problems. Yet, whether - or under what conditions - it may offer an advantage compared to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-14 Vanessa Dehn , Martin Zaefferer , Gerhard Hellstern , Florentin Reiter , Thomas Wellens

The Portfolio Optimization task has long been studied in the Financial Services literature as a procedure to identify the basket of assets that satisfy desired conditions on the expected return and the associated risk. A well-known approach…

Portfolio optimization plays a central role in finance to obtain optimal portfolio allocations that aim to achieve certain investment goals. Over the years, many works have investigated different variants of portfolio optimization.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-01 Debbie Lim , Patrick Rebentrost

In order to qualify quantum algorithms for industrial NP-Hard problems, comparing them to available polynomial approximate classical algorithms and not only to exact ones -- exponential by nature -- , is necessary. This is a great challenge…

Current state-of-the-art quantum optimization algorithms require representing the original problem as a binary optimization problem, which is then converted into an equivalent cost Hamiltonian suitable for the quantum device. Implementing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Bence Bakó , Adam Glos , Özlem Salehi , Zoltán Zimborás

We present a detailed study of portfolio optimization using different versions of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). For a given list of assets, the portfolio optimization problem is formulated as quadratic binary…