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IOTA Tangle is a distributed ledger technology (DLT), primarily designed for Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks and applications. IOTA Tangle utilizes a direct acyclic graph (DAG) structure for the ledger, with its protocol offering features…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Nathan Sealey , Adnan Aijaz , Ben Holden

IOTA is a distributed ledger technology that uses a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure called the Tangle. It is known for its efficiency and is widely used in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment. Tangle can be configured by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Hojung Yang , Suhyeon Lee , Seungjoo Kim

The growing number of applications for distributed ledger technologies is driving both industry and academia to solve the limitations of blockchain, particularly its scalability issues. Recent distributed ledger technologies have replaced…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-23 Bartosz Kusmierz , William Sanders , Andreas Penzkofer , Angelo Capossele , Alon Gal

A shared ledger is a record of transactions that can be updated by any member of a group of users. The notion of independent and consistent record-keeping in a shared ledger is important for blockchain and more generally for distributed…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-14 Christopher King

In recent years several distributed ledger technologies based on directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) have appeared on the market. Similar to blockchain technologies, DAG-based systems aim to build an immutable ledger and are faced with security…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Andreas Penzkofer , Bartosz Kusmierz , Angelo Capossele , William Sanders , Olivia Saa

The Tangle-based structure becomes one of the most promising solutions when designing DAG-based blockchain systems. The approach improves the scalability by directly confirming multiple transactions in parallel instead of single blocks in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Bozhi Wang , Qin Wang , Shiping Chen , Yang Xiang

The emergence of distributed ledger technologies in the vehicular applications' arena is decisively contributing to their improvement and shaping of the public opinion about their future. The Tangle is a technology at its infancy, but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Paulo C. Bartolomeu , Emanuel Vieira , Joaquim Ferreira

"Trustworthy data" is the fuel for ensuring transparent traceability, precise decision-making, and cogent coordination in the supply chain (SC) space. However, the disparate data silos act as a trade barrier in orchestrating the provenance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Sabah Suhail , Rasheed Hussain , Choong Seon Hong , Abid Khan

IOTA opened recently a new line of research in distributed ledgers area by targeting algorithms that ensure a high throughput for the transactions generated in IoT systems. Transactions are continuously appended to an acyclic structure…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Gewu Bu , Wassim Hana , Maria Potop-Butucaru

With the rapid advancement of blockchain technology, a significant trend is the adoption of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) as an alternative to traditional chain-based architectures for organizing ledger records. Systems like IOTA, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Seyyed Ali Aghamiri , Reza Sharifnia , Ahmad Khonsari

Tangle is a distributed ledger technology that stores data as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Unlike blockchain, Tangle does not require dedicated miners for its operation; this makes Tangle suitable for Internet of Things (IoT)…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Anurag Gupta , Vikram Krishnamurthy

Blockchains offer a useful abstraction: a trustworthy, decentralized log of totally ordered transactions. Traditional blockchains have problems with scalability and efficiency, preventing their use for many applications. These limitations…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-20 Isaac Sheff , Xinwen Wang , Andrew C. Myers , Robbert van Renesse

A Merkle tree is an information construction that is used in Blockchain to verify data or transactions in a large content pool in a safe manner. The role of the Merkle tree is crucial in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies in a Blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-28 M. Gracy , B. Rebecca Jeyavadhanam

In order to fully unlock the transformative power of distributed ledgers and blockchains, it is crucial to develop innovative consensus algorithms that can overcome the obstacles of security, scalability, and interoperability, which…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Amirhossein Taherpour , Xiaodong Wang

Unauthorized resource access represents a typical security threat in the Internet of things (IoT), while distributed ledger technologies (e.g., blockchain and IOTA) hold great promise to address this threat. Although blockchain-based IoT…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Ruka Nakanishi , Yuanyu Zhang , Masahiro Sasabe , Shoji Kasahara

Sharding is a promising technique for addressing the scalability issues of blockchain, and this technique is especially important for IoT, edge, or mobile computing. It divides the $n$ participating nodes into $s$ disjoint groups called…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Miroslav Popovic

A major challenge in blockchain sharding protocols is that more than 95% transactions are cross-shard. Not only those cross-shard transactions degrade the system throughput but also double the confirmation time, and exhaust an already…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Lan N. Nguyen , Truc Nguyen , Thang N. Dinh , My T. Thai

The rise of blockchain and Digital Ledger Technology (DLT) has gained wide traction. Instead of relying on a traditional centralized data authority, a blockchain system consists of digitally entangled block data shared across a distributed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Feng Yu , Ryan Laird

A method for timestamping, anchoring and certification of a virtually unlimited amount of data in one or more blockchains, focusing on scalability and cost-effectiveness while ensuring existence, integrity and ownership by using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Adán Sánchez de Pedro Crespo , Luis Iván Cuende García

In recent years, the volume of data generated by IoT devices has increased dramatically. Using this data can improve decision-making in the public and private sectors and increase productivity. Many attempts have been made to enhance and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Hadi Farahani , Hamid Reza Shahriari
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