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Related papers: Counterfactual Shapley Additive Explanations

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Counterfactual explanations (CE) aim to reveal how small input changes flip a model's prediction, yet many methods modify more features than necessary, reducing clarity and actionability. We introduce \emph{COLA}, a model- and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Lei You , Yijun Bian , Lele Cao

We introduce Aumann-SHAP, an interaction-aware framework that decomposes counterfactual transitions by restricting the model to a local hypercube connecting baseline and counterfactual features. Each hyper-cube is decomposed into a grid in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Adam Belahcen , Stéphane Mussard

Work in Counterfactual Explanations tends to focus on the principle of "the closest possible world" that identifies small changes leading to the desired outcome. In this paper we argue that while this approach might initially seem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Rafael Poyiadzi , Kacper Sokol , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Tijl De Bie , Peter Flach

In this growing age of data and technology, large black-box models are becoming the norm due to their ability to handle vast amounts of data and learn incredibly complex data patterns. The deficiency of these methods, however, is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Justin Lin , Julia Fukuyama

As machine learning models are increasingly used in critical decision-making settings (e.g., healthcare, finance), there has been a growing emphasis on developing methods to explain model predictions. Such \textit{explanations} are used to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Dylan Slack , Sophie Hilgard , Sameer Singh , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Counterfactual Explanations (cf-XAI) describe the smallest changes in feature values necessary to change an outcome from one class to another. However, many cf-XAI methods neglect the feasibility of those changes. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Pedram Salimi , Nirmalie Wiratunga , David Corsar , Anjana Wijekoon

Counterfactual examples are widely used in natural language processing (NLP) as valuable data to improve models, and in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to understand model behavior. The automated generation of counterfactual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Qianli Wang , Nils Feldhus , Simon Ostermann , Luis Felipe Villa-Arenas , Sebastian Möller , Vera Schmitt

SHAP is one of the most popular local feature-attribution methods. Given a function f and an input x, it quantifies each feature's contribution to f(x). Recently, SHAP has been increasingly used for global insights: practitioners average…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Robi Bhattacharjee , Karolin Frohnapfel , Ulrike von Luxburg

Recently, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) has been widely utilized in various research domains. This is particularly evident in application fields, where SHAP analysis serves as a crucial tool for identifying biomarkers and assisting…

Computation · Statistics 2026-02-02 Kyungjin Kim , Youngro Lee , Jongmo Seo

The goal of algorithmic recourse is to reverse unfavorable decisions (e.g., from loan denial to approval) under automated decision making by suggesting actionable feature changes (e.g., reduce the number of credit cards). To generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Martin Pawelczyk , Lea Tiyavorabun , Gjergji Kasneci

In Explainable AI (XAI), Shapley values are a popular model-agnostic framework for explaining predictions made by complex machine learning models. The computation of Shapley values requires estimating non-trivial contribution functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Martin Jullum

With the advent of GDPR, the domain of explainable AI and model interpretability has gained added impetus. Methods to extract and communicate visibility into decision-making models have become legal requirement. Two specific types of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Shubham Rathi

Interpretable machine learning seeks to understand the reasoning process of complex black-box systems that are long notorious for lack of explainability. One flourishing approach is through counterfactual explanations, which provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Vy Vo , Trung Le , Van Nguyen , He Zhao , Edwin Bonilla , Gholamreza Haffari , Dinh Phung

Counterfactual explanations have been argued to be one of the most intuitive forms of explanation. They are typically defined as a minimal set of edits on a given data sample that, when applied, changes the output of a model on that sample.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Edmund Dervakos , Konstantinos Thomas , Giorgos Filandrianos , Giorgos Stamou

SHAP scores represent the proposed use of the well-known Shapley values in eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Recent work has shown that the exact computation of SHAP scores can produce unsatisfactory results. Concretely, for some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Olivier Letoffe , Xuanxiang Huang , Joao Marques-Silva

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. In the present paper, we adopted the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP), which is based on fair profit allocation among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Yasunobu Nohara , Koutarou Matsumoto , Hidehisa Soejima , Naoki Nakashima

Algorithmic recourse is a process that leverages counterfactual explanations, going beyond understanding why a system produced a given classification, to providing a user with actions they can take to change their predicted outcome.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Jenny Hamer , Nicholas Perello , Jake Valladares , Vignesh Viswanathan , Yair Zick

Originally introduced in cooperative game theory, Shapley values have become a very popular tool to explain machine learning predictions. Based on Shapley's fairness axioms, every input (feature component) gets a credit how it contributes…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-19 Michael Mayer , Mario V. Wüthrich

The Shapley value is widely used for data valuation in data markets. However, explaining the Shapley value of an owner in a data coalition is an unexplored and challenging task. To tackle this, we formulate the problem of finding the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Michelle Si , Jian Pei

Counterfactual explanations, and their associated algorithmic recourse, are typically leveraged to understand, explain, and potentially alter a prediction coming from a black-box classifier. In this paper, we propose to extend the use of…