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Satisfiability (SAT) solvers based on techniques such as conflict driven clause learning (CDCL) have produced excellent performance on both synthetic and real world industrial problems. While these CDCL solvers only operate on a per-problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yi Fu , Anthony Tompkins , Yang Song , Maurice Pagnucco

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problems are routinely solved by SAT solvers in real-life applications, yet solving time can vary drastically between solvers for the same instance. This has motivated research into machine learning models that…

Modern SAT solvers routinely operate at scales that make it impractical to query a neural network for every branching decision. NeuroCore, proposed by Selsam and Bjorner, offered a proof-of-concept that neural networks can still accelerate…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Jesse Michael Han

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have recently emerged as a promising approach for solving the Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT), offering potential alternatives to traditional backtracking or local search SAT solvers. However, despite the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Zhaoyu Li , Jinpei Guo , Xujie Si

The NeuroSAT neural network architecture was recently introduced for predicting properties of propositional formulae. When trained to predict the satisfiability of toy problems, it was shown to find solutions and unsatisfiable cores on its…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Daniel Selsam , Nikolaj Bjørner

In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of graph neural networks applied to Boolean satisfiability problems, accompanied by an intuitive explanation of the mechanisms enabling the model to generalize to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 David Mojžíšek , Jan Hůla , Ziwei Li , Ziyu Zhou , Mikoláš Janota

We present graph backtracking, a novel, fine-grained backtracking scheme for CDCL-based SAT solving, parametrized by a user-defined weight function. For conflict repair, we challenge the decision level abstraction and use the implication…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Robin Coutelier , Thomas Hader , Laura Kovács

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem, the first problem proven to be NP-complete, has become a fundamental challenge in computational complexity, with widespread applications in optimization and verification across many domains. Despite…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Curie Kim , Carsten Portner , Mingju Liu , Steve Dai , Haoxing Ren , Brucek Khailany , Alvaro Velasquez , Ismail Alkhouri , Cunxi Yu

In this project, we aimed to improve the runtime of Minisat, a Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) solver that solves the Propositional Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem. We first used a logistic regression model to predict the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-01 Haoze Wu

Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) plays a pivotal role in Electronic Design Automation. The standard workflow for solving CSAT problems converts circuits into Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) and employs generic SAT solvers powered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiaying Zhu , Ziyang Zheng , Zhengyuan Shi , Yalun Cai , Qiang Xu

We present NeuroSAT, a message passing neural network that learns to solve SAT problems after only being trained as a classifier to predict satisfiability. Although it is not competitive with state-of-the-art SAT solvers, NeuroSAT can solve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-03-13 Daniel Selsam , Matthew Lamm , Benedikt Bünz , Percy Liang , Leonardo de Moura , David L. Dill

Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is fundamental to many applications. Existing works have used graph neural networks (GNNs) for (approximate) SAT solving. Typical GNN-based end-to-end SAT solvers predict SAT solutions concurrently. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Zhiyuan Yan , Min Li , Zhengyuan Shi , Wenjie Zhang , Yingcong Chen , Hongce Zhang

Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) is the mainstream framework for solving the Satisfiability problem (SAT), and CDCL solvers typically rely on various heuristics, which have a significant impact on their performance. Modern CDCL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Yiwen Sun , Furong Ye , Xianyin Zhang , Shiyu Huang , Bingzhen Zhang , Ke Wei , Shaowei Cai

The Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem is the canonical NP-complete problem and is fundamental to computer science, with a wide array of applications in planning, verification, and theorem proving. Developing and evaluating practical SAT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Jiaxuan You , Haoze Wu , Clark Barrett , Raghuram Ramanujan , Jure Leskovec

While accelerated computing has transformed many domains of computing, its impact on logical reasoning, specifically Boolean satisfiability (SAT), remains limited. State-of-the-art SAT solvers rely heavily on inherently sequential…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Steve Dai , Cunxi Yu , Kalyan Krishnamani , Brucek Khailany

Modern neural networks obtain information about the problem and calculate the output solely from the input values. We argue that it is not always optimal, and the network's performance can be significantly improved by augmenting it with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Emils Ozolins , Karlis Freivalds , Andis Draguns , Eliza Gaile , Ronalds Zakovskis , Sergejs Kozlovics

The Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) problem, a variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem, plays a critical role in integrated circuit design and verification. However, existing SAT solvers, optimized for Conjunctive Normal Form…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhengyuan Shi , Tiebing Tang , Jiaying Zhu , Sadaf Khan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Zhufei Chu , Qiang Xu

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) is a fundamental NP-complete problem with many applications, including automated planning and scheduling. To solve large instances, SAT solvers have to rely on heuristics, e.g., choosing a branching variable in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Mikhail Shirokikh , Ilya Shenbin , Anton Alekseev , Sergey Nikolenko

Finding good branching orders is key to solving SAT problems efficiently, but finding such branching orders is a difficult problem. Using a learning based approach to predict a good branching order before solving, therefore, has potential.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Arvid Eriksson , Gabriel Poesia , Roman Bresson , Karl Henrik Johansson , David Broman

Our work presents a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based framework to optimize heuristic selection within the conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) process, improving the efficiency of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving. The proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Muyu Pan , Matthew Walter , Dheeraj Kodakandla , Mahfuza Farooque
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