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Bilevel programs are optimization problems where some variables are solutions to optimization problems themselves, and they arise in a variety of control applications, including: control of vehicle traffic networks, inverse reinforcement…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-27 Aurélien Ouattara , Anil Aswani

This is a tutorial and survey paper on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions, first-order and second-order numerical optimization, and distributed optimization. After a brief review of history of optimization, we start with some preliminaries…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-06 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

We propose an extended variant of the reformulation and decomposition algorithm for solving a special class of mixed-integer bilevel linear programs (MIBLPs) where continuous and integer variables are involved in both upper- and lower-level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-07-03 Dajun Yue , Jiyao Gao , Bo Zeng , Fengqi You

Many optimization problems require hyperparameters, i.e., parameters that must be pre-specified in advance, such as regularization parameters and parametric regularizers in variational regularization methods for inverse problems, and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-09 Matthias J. Ehrhardt , Silvia Gazzola , Sebastian J. Scott

Clustering is a hard discrete optimization problem. Nonconvex approaches such as low-rank semidefinite programming (SDP) have recently demonstrated promising statistical and local algorithmic guarantees for cluster recovery. Due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Peng Xu , Chun-Ying Hou , Xiaohui Chen , Richard Y. Zhang

This paper proposes an iterative method to solve Mixed-Integer Optimal Control Problems arising from systems with switched dynamics. The so-called relaxed problem plays a central role within this context. Through a numerical example, it is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-09 Ramin Abbasi-Esfeden , Wim Van Roy , Jan Swevers

A new topology optimization method called the Proportional Topology Optimization (PTO) is presented. As a non-gradient method, PTO is simple to understand, easy to implement, and is also efficient and accurate at the same time. It is…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2016-05-30 Emre Biyikli , Albert C. To

Bilevel programming has recently received attention in the literature due to its wide range of applications, including reinforcement learning and hyper-parameter optimization. However, it is widely assumed that the underlying bilevel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Parvin Nazari , Ahmad Mousavi , Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , George Michailidis

We consider pessimistic bilevel stochastic programs in which the follower maximizes over a fixed compact convex set a strictly convex quadratic function, whose Hessian depends on the leader's decision. The resulting random variable is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-30 Johanna Burtscheidt , Matthias Claus , Sergio Conti , Martin Rumpf , Josua Sassen , Rüdiger Schultz

This paper is concerned with an optimization problem governed by the Kantorovich optimal transportation problem. This gives rise to a bilevel optimization problem, which can be reformulated as a mathematical problem with complementarity…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-28 Sebastian Hillbrecht , Christian Meyer

Boolean quadratic optimization problems occur in a number of applications. Their mixed integer-continuous nature is challenging, since it is inherently NP-hard. For this motivation, semidefinite programming relaxations (SDR's) are proposed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-20 V. Cerone , S. M. Fosson , D. Regruto

A standard approach to solving optimistic bilevel linear programs (BLPs) is to replace the lower-level problem with its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions and reformulate the resulting complementarity constraints using auxiliary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-19 Sergey S. Ketkov , Oleg A. Prokopyev

Many real-world problems, such as those with fairness constraints, involve complex expectation constraints and large datasets, necessitating the design of efficient stochastic methods to solve them. Most existing research focuses on cases…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Wei Liu , Yangyang Xu

In this paper, we propose the Bi-Sub-Gradient (Bi-SG) method, which is a generalization of the classical sub-gradient method to the setting of convex bi-level optimization problems. This is a first-order method that is very easy to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-18 Roey Merchav , Shoham Sabach

Hyperparameter tuning is an important task of machine learning, which can be formulated as a bilevel program (BLP). However, most existing algorithms are not applicable for BLP with non-smooth lower-level problems. To address this, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-04 He Chen , Haochen Xu , Rujun Jiang , Anthony Man-Cho So

Stochastic bilevel optimization finds widespread applications in machine learning, including meta-learning, hyperparameter optimization, and neural architecture search. To extend stochastic bilevel optimization to distributed data, several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yihan Zhang , My T. Thai , Jie Wu , Hongchang Gao

Penalty-based methods have become popular for solving bilevel optimization (BLO) problems, thanks to their effective first-order nature. However, they often require inner-loop iterations to solve the lower-level (LL) problem and small…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-24 Liuyuan Jiang , Quan Xiao , Lisha Chen , Tianyi Chen

We propose, analyze, and test a proximal-gradient method for solving regularized optimization problems with general constraints. The method employs a decomposition strategy to compute trial steps and uses a merit function to determine step…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-16 Frank E. Curtis , Xiaoyi Qu , Daniel P. Robinson

Usually, bilevel optimization problems need to be transformed into single-level ones in order to derive optimality conditions and solution algorithms. Among the available approaches, the replacement of the lower-level problem by means of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-17 Stephan Dempe , Patrick Mehlitz

Bilevel optimization (BO) has recently gained prominence in many machine learning applications due to its ability to capture the nested structure inherent in these problems. Recently, many hypergradient methods have been proposed as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-04 Wanli Shi , Yi Chang , Bin Gu