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In 2024, the Anti-Phishing Work Group identified over one million phishing pages. Phishers achieve this scale by using phishing kits -- ready-to-deploy phishing websites -- to rapidly deploy phishing campaigns with specific data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Aleksandr Nahapetyan , Kanv Khare , Kevin Schwarz , Bradley Reaves , Alexandros Kapravelos

Phishing remains a critical cybersecurity threat, especially with the advent of large language models (LLMs) capable of generating highly convincing malicious content. Unlike earlier phishing attempts which are identifiable by grammatical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Deeksha Hareesha Kulal , Chidozie Princewill Arannonu , Afsah Anwar , Nidhi Rastogi , Quamar Niyaz

This paper reveals a data bias issue that can severely affect the performance while conducting a machine learning model for malicious URL detection. We describe how such bias can be identified using interpretable machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 YunDa Tsai , Cayon Liow , Yin Sheng Siang , Shou-De Lin

Phishing remains a pervasive cyber threat, as attackers craft deceptive emails to lure victims into revealing sensitive information. While Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular, deep learning, has become a key component in defending…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Fengchao Chen , Tingmin Wu , Van Nguyen , Shuo Wang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Carsten Rudolph

Phishing attacks represents one of the primary attack methods which is used by cyber attackers. In many cases, attackers use deceptive emails along with malicious attachments to trick users into giving away sensitive information or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Fatemeh Nejati , Mahdi Rabbani , Morteza Eskandarian , Mansur Mirani , Gunjan Piya , Igor Opushnyev , Ali A. Ghorbani , Sajjad Dadkhah

In actuality, phishing attacks remain one of the most prevalent cybersecurity risks in existence today, with malevolent actors constantly changing their strategies to successfully trick users. This paper presents an AI model for a phishing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Rudra Dubey , Arpit Mani Tripathi , Archit Srivastava , Sarvpal Singh

Malicious advertisement URLs pose a security risk since they are the source of cyber-attacks, and the need to address this issue is growing in both industry and academia. Generally, the attacker delivers an attack vector to the user by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Ehsan Nowroozi , Abhishek , Mohammadreza Mohammadi , Mauro Conti

Phishing attacks attempt to deceive users into stealing sensitive information, posing a significant cybersecurity threat. Advances in machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have led to the development of numerous phishing webpage…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Aditya Kulkarni , Vivek Balachandran , Dinil Mon Divakaran , Tamal Das

Protecting users from accessing malicious web sites is one of the important management tasks for network operators. There are many open-source and commercial products to control web sites users can access. The most traditional approach is…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Keiichi Shima , Daisuke Miyamoto , Hiroshi Abe , Tomohiro Ishihara , Kazuya Okada , Yuji Sekiya , Hirochika Asai , Yusuke Doi

A large chunk of research on the security issues of neural networks is focused on adversarial attacks. However, there exists a vast sea of simpler attacks one can perform both against and with neural networks. In this article, we give a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Michael Kissner

IT professionals have no simple tool to create phishing websites and raise the awareness of users. We developed a prototype that can dynamically mimic websites by using enriched screenshots, which requires no additional programming…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Pascal Gadient , Pascal Gerig , Oscar Nierstrasz , Mohammad Ghafari

Phishing attacks are one of the trending cyber attacks that apply socially engineered messages that are communicated to people from professional hackers aiming at fooling users to reveal their sensitive information, the most popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-08-09 Adwan Yasin , Abdelmunem Abuhasan

Cyber-attacks have been one of the deadliest attacks in today's world. One of them is DDoS (Distributed Denial of Services). It is a cyber-attack in which the attacker attacks and makes a network or a machine unavailable to its intended…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Aman Rangapur , Tarun Kanakam , Ajith Jubilson

Phishing websites remain a significant cybersecurity threat, necessitating accurate and cost-effective detection mechanisms. In this paper, we present CLASP, a novel system that effectively identifies phishing websites by leveraging…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Fouad Trad , Ali Chehab

Phishing is an online identity theft that aims to steal sensitive information such as username, password and online banking details from its victims. Phishing education needs to be considered as a means to combat this threat. This paper…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2015-11-12 Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage

Homoglyph attacks are a common technique used by hackers to conduct phishing. Domain names or links that are visually similar to actual ones are created via punycode to obfuscate the attack, making the victim more susceptible to phishing.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-11 Joon Sern Lee , Gui Peng David Yam , Jin Hao Chan

Phishing attacks have evolved and increased over time and, for this reason, the task of distinguishing between a legitimate site and a phishing site is more and more difficult, fooling even the most expert users. The main proposals focused…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-01 F. Castaño , E. Fidalgo , E. Alegre , D. Chaves , M. Sanchez-Paniagua

The escalating threat of phishing emails has become increasingly sophisticated with the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs). As attackers exploit LLMs to craft more convincing and evasive phishing emails, it is crucial to assess the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Khalifa Afane , Wenqi Wei , Ying Mao , Junaid Farooq , Juntao Chen

This paper reports on an experiment into text-based phishing detection using readily available resources and without the use of semantics. The developed algorithm is a modified version of previously published work that works with the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Gilchan Park , Julia M. Taylor

Phishing attacks targeting both organizations and individuals are becoming an increasingly significant threat as technology advances. Current automatic detection methods often lack explainability and robustness in detecting new phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Maria Chiper , Radu Tudor Ionescu