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In this paper we study convex bi-level optimization problems for which the inner level consists of minimization of the sum of smooth and nonsmooth functions. The outer level aims at minimizing a smooth and strongly convex function over the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-02-15 Shoham Sabach , Shimrit Shtern

The (gradient-based) bilevel programming framework is widely used in hyperparameter optimization and has achieved excellent performance empirically. Previous theoretical work mainly focuses on its optimization properties, while leaving the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Fan Bao , Guoqiang Wu , Chongxuan Li , Jun Zhu , Bo Zhang

Hyperparameter optimization can be formulated as a bilevel optimization problem, where the optimal parameters on the training set depend on the hyperparameters. We aim to adapt regularization hyperparameters for neural networks by fitting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Matthew MacKay , Paul Vicol , Jon Lorraine , David Duvenaud , Roger Grosse

Bilevel Optimization has experienced significant advancements recently with the introduction of new efficient algorithms. Mirroring the success in single-level optimization, stochastic gradient-based algorithms are widely used in bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-12 Junyi Li , Heng Huang

In this paper, we propose $\ell_p$-norm regularized models to seek near-optimal sparse portfolios. These sparse solutions reduce the complexity of portfolio implementation and management. Theoretical results are established to guarantee the…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2013-12-24 Caihua Chen , Xindan Li , Caleb Tolman , Suyang Wang , Yinyu Ye

Hyperparameter tuning is an important task of machine learning, which can be formulated as a bilevel program (BLP). However, most existing algorithms are not applicable for BLP with non-smooth lower-level problems. To address this, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-04 He Chen , Haochen Xu , Rujun Jiang , Anthony Man-Cho So

We analyse a general class of bilevel problems, in which the upper-level problem consists in the minimization of a smooth objective function and the lower-level problem is to find the fixed point of a smooth contraction map. This type of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-17 Riccardo Grazzi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo

We use a rank one Gaussian perturbation to derive a smooth stochastic approximation of the maximum eigenvalue function. We then combine this smoothing result with an optimal smooth stochastic optimization algorithm to produce an efficient…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-03-05 Alexandre d'Aspremont , Noureddine El Karoui

(Stochastic) bilevel optimization is a frequently encountered problem in machine learning with a wide range of applications such as meta-learning, hyper-parameter optimization, and reinforcement learning. Most of the existing studies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Meng Ding , Mingxi Lei , Yunwen Lei , Di Wang , Jinhui Xu

In this paper, we propose a general class of algorithms for optimizing an extensive variety of nonsmoothly penalized objective functions that satisfy certain regularity conditions. The proposed framework utilizes the…

Computation · Statistics 2011-01-24 Elizabeth D. Schifano , Robert L. Strawderman , Martin T. Wells

A class of smoothing methods is proposed for solving mathematical programs with equimibrium constraints. We introduce new and very simple regularizations of the complementarity constraints. Some estimate distance to optimal solution and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2010-01-14 Mounir Haddou

A learning approach to selecting regularization parameters in multi-penalty Tikhonov regularization is investigated. It leads to a bilevel optimization problem, where the lower level problem is a Tikhonov regularized problem parameterized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-05 Gernot Holler , Karl Kunisch , Richard C. Barnard

Localized features such as singularities, sharp gradients, discontinuities, and moving sources require adaptive finite element discretizations. Conventional refinement strategies introduce significant computational overhead through…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jan Niklas Schmäke , Martin Ruess

The most common procedure to solve a linear bilevel problem in the PES community is, by far, to transform it into an equivalent single-level problem by replacing the lower level with its KKT optimality conditions. Then, the complementarity…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-28 Salvador Pineda , Juan Miguel Morales

We consider a scalar objective minimization problem over the solution set of another optimization problem. This problem is known as simple bilevel optimization problem and has drawn a significant attention in the last few years. Our inner…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-18 Yekini Shehu , Phan Tu Vuong , Alain Zemkoho

It is widely acknowledged that hyperparameter selection plays a critical role in the effectiveness of sparse optimization problems. The bilevel optimization provides a robust framework for addressing this issue, but these existing methods…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-11 Yunhai Xiao , Anqi Liu , Peili Li , Yanyun Ding

For the composite multi-objective optimization problem composed of two nonsmooth terms, a smoothing method is used to overcome the nonsmoothness of the objective function, making the objective function contain at most one nonsmooth term.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-18 Huang Chengzhi

Non-smooth optimization is a core ingredient of many imaging or machine learning pipelines. Non-smoothness encodes structural constraints on the solutions, such as sparsity, group sparsity, low-rank and sharp edges. It is also the basis for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-04 Clarice Poon , Gabriel Peyré

Bilevel optimization, a hierarchical optimization paradigm, has gained significant attention in a wide range of practical applications, notably in the fine-tuning of generative models. However, due to the nested problem structure, most…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Liuyuan Jiang , Quan Xiao , Lisha Chen , Tianyi Chen

In this paper, we revisit the classical problem of solving over-determined systems of nonsmooth equations numerically. We suggest a nonsmooth Levenberg--Marquardt method for its solution which, in contrast to the existing literature, does…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-10 Lateef O. Jolaoso , Patrick Mehlitz , Alain B. Zemkoho