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The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a classical NP-hard problem that plays a crucial role in combinatorial optimization. In this paper, we are interested in the quantum search framework for the TSP because it has robust theoretical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Bai Xujun , Shang Yun

The traveling salesman (or salesperson) problem, short TSP, is a problem of strong interest to many researchers from mathematics, economics, and computer science. Manifold TSP variants occur in nearly every scientific field and application…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Sophia Saller , Jana Koehler , Andreas Karrenbauer

The Steiner Traveling Salesman Problem (STSP) is a variant of the classical Traveling Salesman Problem. The STSP involves incorporating steiner nodes, which are extra nodes not originally part of the required visit set but that can be added…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Alessia Ciacco , Francesca Guerriero , Eneko Osaba

This paper introduces a novel edge-based encoding technique for solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) on a quantum computer, reducing the required number of qubits. For implementation in real quantum devices, we applied the subspace…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 Anandu Kalleri Madhu , Chi-Kwong Li , Jami Rönkkö , Mikio Nakahara , Ray-Kuang Lee

In this paper, we present a brief review and introduction to Quadratic Unconstrained D-ary Optimization (QUDO), Tensor Quadratic Unconstrained D-ary Optimization (T-QUDO) and Higher-Order Unconstrained Binary Optimization (HOBO)…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Alejandro Mata Ali

Existing neural methods for the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) mostly aim at finding a single optimal solution. To discover diverse yet high-quality solutions for Multi-Solution TSP (MSTSP), we propose a novel deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Qi Li , Zhiguang Cao , Yining Ma , Yaoxin Wu , Yue-Jiao Gong

This work presents a tensor-network formulation of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and several of its variants. The approach represents candidate tours with tensor-network layers, weights them by Boltzmann factors, and enforces…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Alejandro Mata Ali , Iñigo Perez Delgado , Aitor Moreno Fdez. de Leceta

Many emerging commercial services are based on the sharing or pooling of resources for common use with the aim of reducing costs. Businesses such as delivery-, mobility-, or transport-as-a-service have become standard in many parts of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-13 Michele Cattelan , Sheir Yarkoni

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) modeling and solution framework is a requirement for quantum and digital annealers. However optimality for QUBO problems of any practical size is extremely difficult to achieve. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Amit Verma , Mark Lewis

The Steiner Traveling Salesman Problem (STSP) is a variant of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) that is particularly suitable when dealing with sparse networks, such as road networks. The standard integer programming formulation of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-03-20 Adam N. Letchford , Saeideh D. Nasiri , Dirk Oliver Theis

The Traveling Salesman Problem is a classical NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem that has been extensively studied in operations research. A major challenge in Traveling Salesman Problem formulations is the large number of subtour…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Alessia Ciacco , Luigi Di Puglia Pugliese , Francesca Guerriero

This paper proposes an algorithmic method to heuristically solve the famous Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) when the salesman's path evolves in continuous state space and discrete time but with otherwise arbitrary (nonlinear) dynamics.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-02 Alexander Weber , Alexander Knoll

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is an example of a combinatorial optimization problem that has attracted academic attention due to its potential use in various contexts. VRP aims to arrange vehicle deliveries to several sites in the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Nishikanta Mohanty , Bikash K. Behera , Christopher Ferrie

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem that aims to find the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the starting point. This paper explores the application…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Kael Silva Araújo , Francisco Márcio Barboza

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is one of the most challenging NP-hard problems. It has widely applications in various disciplines such as physics, biology, computer science and so forth. The best known approximation algorithm for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-12-13 Wenhong Tian , Chaojie Huang , Xinyang Wang , Qin Xiong

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem with wide-ranging applications in logistics, routing, and intelligent systems. Due to its factorial complexity, solving large-scale instances…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Rabab Alkhalifa , Fatima Alkhomayes , Boushra Almazroua , Dana Alhaidan , Maryam Alothman , Jumana Almuhaidib

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most popular Combinatorial Optimization Problem. It is well solicited for the large variety of applications that it can solve, but also for its difficulty to find optimal solutions. One of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Mehdi El Krari , Belaïd Ahiod

In the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), a list of cities and the distances between them are given. The goal is to find the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the original city. The TSP has a wide…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-17 Johnny Seay , Edwin Gonzalez , Stephen Lowe , Jesse Crawford , Bryant Wyatt

Constrained optimization problems, where not all possible variable assignments are feasible solutions, comprise numerous practically relevant optimization problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), or portfolio optimization.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-24 René Zander , Raphael Seidel , Matteo Inajetovic , Niklas Steinmann , Matic Petrič

In this paper, we describe the usage of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), which is a quantum-classical heuristic, to solve a combinatorial optimization and integer programming task known as Vehicle Routing Problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-26 Utkarsh Azad , Bikash K. Behera , Emad A. Ahmed , Prasanta K. Panigrahi , Ahmed Farouk