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Spoken Language Assessment (SLA) estimates a learner's oral proficiency from spontaneous speech. The growing population of L2 English speakers has intensified the demand for reliable SLA, a critical component of Computer Assisted Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Hong-Yun Lin , Jhen-Ke Lin , Chung-Chun Wang , Hao-Chien Lu , Berlin Chen

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are gaining increasing popularity in both academia and industry due to their remarkable performance in various applications such as visual question answering, visual perception, understanding, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Jian Li , Weiheng Lu , Hao Fei , Meng Luo , Ming Dai , Min Xia , Yizhang Jin , Zhenye Gan , Ding Qi , Chaoyou Fu , Ying Tai , Wankou Yang , Yabiao Wang , Chengjie Wang

Large language models (LLMs) provide detailed and impressive responses to queries in English. However, are they really consistent at responding to the same query in other languages? The popular way of evaluating for multilingual performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ashim Gupta , Maitrey Mehta , Zhichao Xu , Vivek Srikumar

LLM-powered multimodal systems are increasingly used to interpret human behavior, yet how researchers apply the models' 'social competence' remains poorly understood. This paper presents a systematic literature review of 176 publications…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Zihan Liu , Parisa Rabbani , Veda Duddu , Kyle Fan , Madison Lee , Yun Huang

Machine reading comprehension is a challenging task and hot topic in natural language processing. Its goal is to develop systems to answer the questions regarding a given context. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Razieh Baradaran , Razieh Ghiasi , Hossein Amirkhani

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) showcase varied multilingual capabilities across tasks like translation, code generation, and reasoning. Previous assessments often limited their scope to fundamental natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Yidan Zhang , Yu Wan , Boyi Deng , Baosong Yang , Haoran Wei , Fei Huang , Bowen Yu , Junyang Lin , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou

We introduce an evaluation methodology for reading comprehension tasks based on the intuition that certain examples, by the virtue of their linguistic complexity, consistently yield lower scores regardless of model size or architecture. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Elie Antoine , Frédéric Béchet , Géraldine Damnati , Philippe Langlais

We present an evaluation framework for interactive dialogue assessment in the context of English as a Second Language (ESL) speakers. Our framework collects dialogue-level interactivity labels (e.g., topic management; 4 labels in total) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Rena Gao , Carsten Roever , Jey Han Lau

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across tasks such as mathematics, coding, and reasoning, yet their learning ability, which is crucial for adapting to dynamic environments and acquiring new knowledge, remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Zhengyu Hu , Jianxun Lian , Zheyuan Xiao , Seraphina Zhang , Tianfu Wang , Nicholas Jing Yuan , Xing Xie , Hui Xiong

At the staggering pace with which the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) are increasing, creating future-proof evaluation sets to assess their understanding becomes more and more challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Xenia Ohmer , Elia Bruni , Dieuwke Hupkes

Robots that share an environment with humans may communicate their intent using a variety of different channels. Movement is one of these channels and, particularly in manipulation tasks, intent communication via movement is called…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Sebastian Wallkotter , Mohamed Chetouani , Ginevra Castellano

Automatic readability assessment is one of the most important applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in education. Since automatic readability assessment allows the fast selection of appropriate reading material for readers at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Bruce W. Lee , Jason Hyung-Jong Lee

Text simplification is crucial for improving accessibility and comprehension for English as a Second Language (ESL) learners. This study goes a step further and aims to facilitate ESL learners' language acquisition by simplification.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Guanlin Li , Yuki Arase , Noel Crespi

How does one measure "ability to understand language"? If it is a person's ability that is being measured, this is a question that almost never poses itself in an unqualified manner: Whatever formal test is applied, it takes place on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-17 David Schlangen

Level assessment for foreign language students is necessary for putting them in the right level group, furthermore, interviewing students is a very time-consuming task, so we propose to automate the evaluation of speaker fluency level by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-03 Alan Preciado-Grijalva , Ramon F. Brena

Assessment of reading comprehension through content-based interactions plays an important role in the reading acquisition process. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for generating comprehension questions geared to K-2 English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Xiaocheng Yang , Sumuk Shashidhar , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

The purpose of this feasibility study was to examine the potential impact of reading digital interactive e-books on essential skills that support reading comprehension with third-fifth grade students. Students read two e-Books that taught…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Stephanie Day , Jin K. Hwang , Tracy Arner , Danielle McNamara , Carol Connor

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in Spoken Language Understanding (SLU), where effective multimodal learning depends on the alignment between audio and text. Despite various fusion methods, no standard metric exists to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Pooneh Mousavi , Yingzhi Wang , Mirco Ravanelli , Cem Subakan

We introduce Holmes, a new benchmark designed to assess language models (LMs) linguistic competence - their unconscious understanding of linguistic phenomena. Specifically, we use classifier-based probing to examine LMs' internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Andreas Waldis , Yotam Perlitz , Leshem Choshen , Yufang Hou , Iryna Gurevych

Self-assessment is a key aspect of reliable intelligence, yet evaluations of large language models (LLMs) focus mainly on task accuracy. We adapted the 10-item General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) to elicit simulated self-assessments from ten…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Daniel I Jackson , Emma L Jensen , Syed-Amad Hussain , Emre Sezgin