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We study the average case complexity of the uniform membership problem for subgroups of free groups, and we show that it is orders of magnitude smaller than the worst case complexity of the best known algorithms. This applies to subgroups…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2024-09-13 Mallika Roy , Enric Ventura , Pascal Weil

We show that the conjugacy problem is solvable in [finitely generated free]-by-cyclic groups, by using a result of O. Maslakova that one can algorithmically find generating sets for the fixed subgroups of free group automorphisms, and one…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 O. Bogopolski , A. Martino , O. Maslakova , E. Ventura

Every semigroup which is a finite disjoint union of copies of the free mono- genic semigroup (natural numbers under addition) has soluble word prob- lem and soluble membership problem. Efficient algorithms are given for both problems.

Group Theory · Mathematics 2016-12-08 Nabilah Abughazalah

Free theorems are a popular tool in reasoning about parametrically polymorphic code. They are also of instructive use in teaching. Their derivation, though, can be tedious, as it involves unfolding a lot of definitions, then hoping to be…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Janis Voigtländer

We find surface subgroups in certain one-relator groups with torsion and use this to deduce a profinite criterion for a word in the free group to be primitive.

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Andrew Ng

We study the complexity of computation in finitely generated free left, right and two-sided adequate semigroups and monoids. We present polynomial time (quadratic in the RAM model of computation) algorithms to solve the word problem and…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2013-12-02 Mark Kambites , Alexandr Kazda

We associate a finite directed graph with each equivalence class of words in $F_2$ under $\operatorname*{Aut} F_2$, and we completely classify these graphs, giving a structural classification of the automorphic conjugacy classes of $F_2$.…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2015-03-10 Bobbe Cooper , Eric Rowland

One of the most interesting questions about a group is if its word problem can be solved and how. The word problem in the braid group is of particular interest to topologists, algebraists and geometers, and is the target of intensive…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 David Garber , Shmuel Kaplan , Mina Teicher

We prove that for any automorphism $\alpha$ of a free group F of finite rank, one can efficiently compute a basis of the fixed point subgroup Fix(\alpha).

Group Theory · Mathematics 2014-01-16 Oleg Bogopolski , Olga Maslakova

We prove several results concerning finitely generated submonoids of the free monoid. These results generalize those known for free submonoids. We prove in particular that if $X=Y\circ Z$ is a composition of finite sets of words with $Y$…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Dominique Perrin , Andrew Ryzhikov

A word in a group is called a test element if any endomorphism fixing it is necessarily an automorphism. In this note, we give a sufficient condition in geometry to construct test elements for monomorphisms of a free group, by using the…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-22 Dongxiao Zhao , Qiang Zhang

We provide an algorithm that, given a finite set of generators for a subgroup $H$ of a finitely generated free group $F$, determines whether $H$ is echelon or not and, in case of affirmative answer, also computes a basis with respect to…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2023-11-07 Dario Ascari

Let $K$ be a field and $F$ a free group. By a classical result of Cohn and Lewin, the free group algebra $K\left[F\right]$ is a free ideal ring (FIR): a ring over which the submodules of free modules are themselves free, and of a…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-02-19 Matan Seidel , Danielle Ernst-West , Doron Puder

Let $F$ be a finitely generated free group. We present an algorithm such that, given a subgroup $H\leqslant F$, decides whether $H$ is the fixed subgroup of some family of automorphisms, or family of endomorphisms of $F$ and, in the…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2009-10-06 Enric Ventura

We design alignment-free techniques for comparing a sequence or word, called a target, against a set of words, called a reference. A target-specific factor of a target $T$ against a reference $R$ is a factor $w$ of a word in $T$ which is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Marie-Pierre Béal , Maxime Crochemore

In this work, we explore the following question: If two words in a finitely generated free group have identical images as word maps on every finite group, must they be endomorphic to each other? In this regard, we introduce weak profinite…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-02 Shrinit Singh

The study of verbal subgroups within a group is well-known for being an effective tool to obtain structural information about a group. Therefore, conditions that allow the classification of words in a free group are of paramount importance.…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-03 Costantino Delizia , Michele Gaeta , Carmine Monetta

A word in a free group is called ``potentially positive'' if it is automorphic to an element which is written with only positive exponents. We will develop automata to analyze properties of potentially positive words. We will use these to…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-17 Emma Dinowitz , Lucy Koch-Hyde , Siobhan O'Connor , Eamonn Olive

The Whitehead Minimization problem is a problem of finding elements of the minimal length in the automorphic orbit of a given element of a free group. The classical algorithm of Whitehead that solves the problem depends exponentially on the…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 A. D. Myasnikov , R. M Haralick

In this article, we study geometric properties of nilpotent groups. We find a geometric criterion for the word problem for the finitely generated free nilpotent groups. By geometric criterion, we mean a way to determine whether two words…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2021-06-02 Ruslan Magdiev , Artem Semidetnov