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The black box nature of deep neural networks poses a significant challenge for the deployment of transparent and trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) systems. With the growing presence of AI in society, it becomes increasingly important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Bianka Kowalska , Halina Kwaśnicka

Explainable AI (XAI) methods focus on explaining what a neural network has learned - in other words, identifying the features that are the most influential to the prediction. In this paper, we call them "distinguishing features". However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Kaili Wang , Jose Oramas , Tinne Tuytelaars

The past decade has seen significant progress in artificial intelligence (AI), which has resulted in algorithms being adopted for resolving a variety of problems. However, this success has been met by increasing model complexity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Waddah Saeed , Christian Omlin

While Explainable AI (XAI) helps users understand AI decisions, misalignment in domain knowledge can lead to disagreement. This inconsistency hinders understanding, and because explanations are often read-only, users lack the control to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Haoyang Chen , Jingwen Bai , Fang Tian , Brian Y Lim

We review current and emerging knowledge-informed and brain-inspired cognitive systems for realizing adversarial defenses, eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), and zero-shot or few-short learning. Data-driven deep learning models have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Fuseinin Mumuni , Alhassan Mumuni

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models in real-world and high-risk applications has intensified the discussion about their trustworthiness and ethical usage, from both a technical and a legislative perspective. The field of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Ilaria Vascotto , Alex Rodriguez , Alessandro Bonaita , Luca Bortolussi

Recently, post hoc explanation methods have emerged to enhance model transparency by attributing model outputs to input features. However, these methods face challenges due to their specificity to certain neural network architectures and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Seongun Kim , Sol A Kim , Geonhyeong Kim , Enver Menadjiev , Chanwoo Lee , Seongwook Chung , Nari Kim , Jaesik Choi

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has recently gained a swell of interest, as many Artificial Intelligence (AI) practitioners and developers are compelled to rationalize how such AI-based systems work. Decades back, most XAI systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Muhammad Suffian , Muhammad Yaseen Khan , Alessandro Bogliolo

Explainability and interpretability of AI models is an essential factor affecting the safety of AI. While various explainable AI (XAI) approaches aim at mitigating the lack of transparency in deep networks, the evidence of the effectiveness…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Kamran Alipour , Jurgen P. Schulze , Yi Yao , Avi Ziskind , Giedrius Burachas

The evaluation of the fidelity of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods to their underlying models is a challenging task, primarily due to the absence of a ground truth for explanations. However, assessing fidelity is a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-06 M. Miró-Nicolau , A. Jaume-i-Capó , G. Moyà-Alcover

Most commonly used non-linear machine learning methods are closed-box models, uninterpretable to humans. The field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to develop tools to examine the inner workings of these closed boxes. An…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lauri Seppäläinen , Mudong Guo , Kai Puolamäki

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in the field of explainable AI (XAI), with a plethora of algorithms proposed in the literature. However, a lack of consensus on how to evaluate XAI hinders the advancement of the field. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Q. Vera Liao , Yunfeng Zhang , Ronny Luss , Finale Doshi-Velez , Amit Dhurandhar

In this study, we propose the early adoption of Explainable AI (XAI) with a focus on three properties: Quality of explanation, the explanation summaries should be consistent across multiple XAI methods; Architectural Compatibility, for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Zerui Wang , Yan Liu , Abishek Arumugam Thiruselvi , Abdelwahab Hamou-Lhadj

While the increased integration of AI technologies into interactive systems enables them to solve an increasing number of tasks, the black-box problem of AI models continues to spread throughout the interactive system as a whole.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Sebe Vanbrabant , Gustavo Rovelo Ruiz , Davy Vanacken

This chapter discusses the opportunities of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) within the realm of spatial analysis. A key objective in spatial analysis is to model spatial relationships and infer spatial processes to generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Ziqi Li

The successful deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) in many domains from healthcare to hiring requires their responsible use, particularly in model explanations and privacy. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) provides more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Xuejun Zhao , Wencan Zhang , Xiaokui Xiao , Brian Y. Lim

The explainability of black-box machine learning algorithms, commonly known as Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), has become crucial for financial and other regulated industrial applications due to regulatory requirements and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Gregory Yampolsky , Dhruv Desai , Mingshu Li , Stefano Pasquali , Dhagash Mehta

The accelerated progress of artificial intelligence (AI) has popularized deep learning models across various domains, yet their inherent opacity poses challenges, particularly in critical fields like healthcare, medicine, and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Michail Mamalakis , Antonios Mamalakis , Ingrid Agartz , Lynn Egeland Mørch-Johnsen , Graham Murray , John Suckling , Pietro Lio

A longstanding challenge surrounding deep learning algorithms is unpacking and understanding how they make their decisions. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) offers methods to provide explanations of internal functions of algorithms…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Amin Nayebi , Sindhu Tipirneni , Brandon Foreman , Chandan K. Reddy , Vignesh Subbian

While the increased integration of AI technologies into interactive systems enables them to solve an equally increasing number of tasks, the black box problem of AI models continues to spread throughout the interactive system as a whole.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Sebe Vanbrabant , Gustavo Rovelo Ruiz , Davy Vanacken