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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely deployed in industry, making their intellectual property valuable. However, protecting GNNs from unauthorized use remains a challenge. Watermarking offers a solution by embedding ownership information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jane Downer , Yingdan Shi , Ziyan Liu , Ren Wang , Binghui Wang

Many learning tasks require us to deal with graph data which contains rich relational information among elements, leading increasing graph neural network (GNN) models to be deployed in industrial products for improving the quality of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Xiangyu Zhao , Hanzhou Wu , Xinpeng Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become invaluable intellectual property in graph-based machine learning. However, their vulnerability to model stealing attacks when deployed within Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) necessitates robust…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Venkata Sai Pranav Bachina , Ankit Gangwal , Aaryan Ajay Sharma , Charu Sharma

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, making ownership verification critical to protect their intellectual property against model theft. Fingerprinting and black-box watermarking are two main…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Tingzhi Li , Xuefeng Liu , Jing Lei , Xingang Zhang

Deep neural networks are valuable assets considering their commercial benefits and huge demands for costly annotation and computation resources. To protect the copyright of DNNs, backdoor-based ownership verification becomes popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Guanhao Gan , Yiming Li , Dongxian Wu , Shu-Tao Xia

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are gaining higher commercial values in computer vision applications, e.g., image classification, video analytics, etc. This calls for urgent demands of the intellectual property (IP) protection of DNN models. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Xiaoxuan Lou , Shangwei Guo , Jiwei Li , Tianwei Zhang

Deep neural networks have had enormous impact on various domains of computer science, considerably outperforming previous state of the art machine learning techniques. To achieve this performance, neural networks need large quantities of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Dorjan Hitaj , Luigi V. Mancini

Deep neural networks (DNN) have achieved remarkable performance in various fields. However, training a DNN model from scratch requires a lot of computing resources and training data. It is difficult for most individual users to obtain such…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Haoqi Wang , Mingfu Xue , Shichang Sun , Yushu Zhang , Jian Wang , Weiqiang Liu

Federated graph learning (FedGL) is an emerging learning paradigm to collaboratively train graph data from various clients. However, during the development and deployment of FedGL models, they are susceptible to illegal copying and model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Yuxin Yang , Qiang Li , Yuan Hong , Binghui Wang

Obtaining the state of the art performance of deep learning models imposes a high cost to model generators, due to the tedious data preparation and the substantial processing requirements. To protect the model from unauthorized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Masoumeh Shafieinejad , Jiaqi Wang , Nils Lukas , Xinda Li , Florian Kerschbaum

Deep learning techniques are one of the most significant elements of any Artificial Intelligence (AI) services. Recently, these Machine Learning (ML) methods, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), presented exceptional achievement in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Mohammad Mehdi Yadollahi , Farzaneh Shoeleh , Sajjad Dadkhah , Ali A. Ghorbani

Pretraining on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has shown great power in facilitating various downstream tasks. As pretraining generally requires huge amount of data and computational resources, the pretrained GNNs are high-value Intellectual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Enyan Dai , Minhua Lin , Suhang Wang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are valuable intellectual property, yet many watermarks rely on backdoor triggers that break under common model edits and create ownership ambiguity. We present InvGNN-WM, which ties ownership to a model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Jipeng Li , Yannning Shen

We introduce models and algorithmic foundations for graph watermarking. Our frameworks include security definitions and proofs, as well as characterizations when graph watermarking is algorithmically feasible, in spite of the fact that the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-06-01 David Eppstein , Michael T. Goodrich , Jenny Lam , Nil Mamano , Michael Mitzenmacher , Manuel Torres

Watermarking of deep neural networks (DNNs) has gained significant traction in recent years, with numerous (watermarking) strategies being proposed as mechanisms that can help verify the ownership of a DNN in scenarios where these models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Giulio Pagnotta , Dorjan Hitaj , Briland Hitaj , Fernando Perez-Cruz , Luigi V. Mancini

Deep learning, especially deep neural networks (DNNs), has been widely and successfully adopted in many critical applications for its high effectiveness and efficiency. The rapid development of DNNs has benefited from the existence of some…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Yiming Li , Mingyan Zhu , Xue Yang , Yong Jiang , Tao Wei , Shu-Tao Xia

Deep Neural Networks have recently gained lots of success after enabling several breakthroughs in notoriously challenging problems. Training these networks is computationally expensive and requires vast amounts of training data. Selling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Yossi Adi , Carsten Baum , Moustapha Cisse , Benny Pinkas , Joseph Keshet

The intellectual property (IP) of Deep neural networks (DNNs) can be easily ``stolen'' by surrogate model attack. There has been significant progress in solutions to protect the IP of DNN models in classification tasks. However, little…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Jie Zhang , Dongdong Chen , Jing Liao , Han Fang , Zehua Ma , Weiming Zhang , Gang Hua , Nenghai Yu

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have gained popularity in numerous domains, yet they are vulnerable to backdoor attacks that can compromise their performance and ethical application. The detection of these attacks is crucial for maintaining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jane Downer , Ren Wang , Binghui Wang

Machine learning (ML) models are applied in an increasing variety of domains. The availability of large amounts of data and computational resources encourages the development of ever more complex and valuable models. These models are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Franziska Boenisch
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