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Macro-energy system modelling is used by decision-makers to steer the global energy transition toward an affordable, sustainable and reliable future. Closed-source models are the current standard for most policy and industry decisions.…

This paper provides the background, methodology and validation for constructing a representation of the European high-voltage grid, including and above 200 kV, based on public data provided by OpenStreetMap. The model-independent grid…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-02-05 Bobby Xiong , Davide Fioriti , Fabian Neumann , Iegor Riepin , Tom Brown

Python for Power System Analysis (PyPSA) is a free software toolbox for simulating and optimising modern electrical power systems over multiple periods. PyPSA includes models for conventional generators with unit commitment, variable…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-01-18 Tom Brown , Jonas Hörsch , David Schlachtberger

PyPSA-Eur, the first open model dataset of the European power system at the transmission network level to cover the full ENTSO-E area, is presented. It contains 6001 lines (alternating current lines at and above 220 kV voltage level and all…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-10-03 Jonas Hörsch , Fabian Hofmann , David Schlachtberger , Tom Brown

The quality of electricity system modelling heavily depends on the input data used. Although a lot of data is publicly available, it is often dispersed, tedious to process and partly contains errors. We argue that a central provision of…

The energy transition has recently experienced a further acceleration. In order to make the integration of renewable energies as cost-effective, secure and sustainable as possible and to develop new paradigms for the energy system, many…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-13 Béla Wiegel , Tom Steffen , Davood Babazadeh , Christian Becker

Germany has set an ambitious target of reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045. We explore how integrated cross-sectoral planning can reduce costs compared to existing national plans. Our new linear optimization model PyPSA-DE…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-10-13 Michael Lindner , Julian Geis , Toni Seibold , Tom Brown

This work presents PyPSA-Spain, an open-source model of the Spanish energy system based on the European model PyPSA-Eur. It aims to leverage the benefits of single-country modelling over a multi-country approach. In particular, several…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-12-10 Cristobal Gallego-Castillo , Marta Victoria

South Africa is in the fortunate position of having access to high-quality wind and solar resources promising energy production costs well below the ones projected for future installations of thermal generation; yet the feasibility of a low…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-11-01 Jonas Hörsch , Joanne Calitz

There are two competing concepts in the literature for the integration of high shares of renewable energy: the coupling of electricity to other energy sectors, such as transport and heating, and the reinforcement of continent-wide…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-07-13 T. Brown , D. Schlachtberger , A. Kies , S. Schramm , M. Greiner

This paper presents the design of InterPSS simulation engine, including its object model, open software architecture, and software development process. Several advanced applications, including an integrated transmission and distribution…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-11-30 Mike Zhou , Qiuhua Huang

Energy system optimization models are indispensable for planning the European energy transition. Yet their applicability is constrained by the fundamental trade-off between spatial detail and computational tractability. Modelers often…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Benjamin Stöckl , Marco Anarmo , Sonja Wogrin , Yannick Werner

The rapid expansion of low-cost renewable electricity combined with end-use electrification in transport, industry, and buildings offers a promising path to deep decarbonisation. However, aligning variable supply with demand requires…

Under the increasing need to decarbonize energy systems, there is coupled acceleration in connection of distributed and intermittent renewable resources in power grids. To support this transition, researchers and other stakeholders are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-28 M. Vivienne Liu , Bo Yuan , Zongjie Wang , Jeffrey A. Sward , K. Max Zhang , C. Lindsay Anderson

The global energy system is undergoing a major transition, and in energy planning and decision-making across governments, industry and academia, models play a crucial role. Because of their policy relevance and contested nature, the…

Energy system models underpin decisions by energy system planners and operators. Energy system modelling faces a transformation: accounting for changing meteorological conditions imposed by climate change. To enable that transformation, a…

The ongoing transformation of the European energy landscape, driven by the integration of renewable energy sources, digital technologies, and decentralized systems, requires a high degree of interoperability across diverse components and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Thomas I. Strasser , Edmund Widl , Carlos Ayon Mac Gregor , Mirko Ginocchi , Rene Kuchenbuch

In the power and energy industry, multiple entities in grid operational logs are frequently recorded and updated. Thanks to recent advances in IT facilities and smart metering services, a variety of datasets such as system load, generation…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Ben Cheng , Yize Chen

Promoting energy efficiency to a first class system design goal is an important research challenge. Although more energy-efficient hardware can be designed, it is software that controls the hardware; for a given system the potential for…

With rising shares of renewables and the need to properly assess trade-offs between transmission, storage and sectoral integration as balancing options, building a bridge between energy system models and detailed power flow studies becomes…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-04-29 Fabian Neumann , Veit Hagenmeyer , Tom Brown
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