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Deep learning models are widely used for solving challenging code processing tasks, such as code generation or code summarization. Traditionally, a specific model architecture was carefully built to solve a particular code processing task.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Sergey Troshin , Nadezhda Chirkova

Transformer-based pretrained models like BERT, GPT-2 and T5 have been finetuned for a large number of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, and have been shown to be very effective. However, while finetuning, what changes across layers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Pavan Kalyan Reddy Neerudu , Subba Reddy Oota , Mounika Marreddy , Venkateswara Rao Kagita , Manish Gupta

Encrypted traffic classification requires discriminative and robust traffic representation captured from content-invisible and imbalanced traffic data for accurate classification, which is challenging but indispensable to achieve network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Zhen Li , Junzheng Shi , Jing Yu

Deploying natural language processing (NLP) models on mobile platforms requires models that can adapt across diverse applications while remaining efficient in memory and computation. We investigate pre-finetuning strategies to enhance the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Junyi Zhu , Savas Ozkan , Andrea Maracani , Sinan Mutlu , Cho Jung Min , Mete Ozay

Pre-trained models of code built on the transformer architecture have performed well on software engineering (SE) tasks such as predictive code generation, code summarization, among others. However, whether the vector representations from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Anjan Karmakar , Romain Robbes

Large language models (LLMs) pretrained on vast source code have achieved prominent progress in code intelligence. However, existing code LLMs have two main limitations in terms of architecture and pretraining tasks. First, they often adopt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Yue Wang , Hung Le , Akhilesh Deepak Gotmare , Nghi D. Q. Bui , Junnan Li , Steven C. H. Hoi

Pre-training a transformer-based model for the language modeling task in a large dataset and then fine-tuning it for downstream tasks has been found very useful in recent years. One major advantage of such pre-trained language models is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Enamul Hoque , Jimmy Xiangji Huang

Encoder-decoder architecture is widely adopted for sequence-to-sequence modeling tasks. For machine translation, despite the evolution from long short-term memory networks to Transformer networks, plus the introduction and development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Yingbo Gao , Christian Herold , Zijian Yang , Hermann Ney

Recently, quite a few novel neural architectures were derived to solve math word problems by predicting expression trees. These architectures varied from seq2seq models, including encoders leveraging graph relationships combined with tree…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Keyur Faldu , Amit Sheth , Prashant Kikani , Darshan Patel

Pre-trained models of source code have recently been successfully applied to a wide variety of Software Engineering tasks; they have also seen some practical adoption in practice, e.g. for code completion. Yet, we still know very little…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Anjan Karmakar , Romain Robbes

Decoder-based transformers, while revolutionizing language modeling and scaling to immense sizes, have not completely overtaken encoder-heavy architectures in natural language processing. Specifically, encoder-only models remain dominant in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Paul Suganthan , Fedor Moiseev , Le Yan , Junru Wu , Jianmo Ni , Jay Han , Imed Zitouni , Enrique Alfonseca , Xuanhui Wang , Zhe Dong

We provide the first exploration of sentence embeddings from text-to-text transformers (T5). Sentence embeddings are broadly useful for language processing tasks. While T5 achieves impressive performance on language tasks cast as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Jianmo Ni , Gustavo Hernández Ábrego , Noah Constant , Ji Ma , Keith B. Hall , Daniel Cer , Yinfei Yang

With the great success of pre-trained models, the pretrain-then-finetune paradigm has been widely adopted on downstream tasks for source code understanding. However, compared to costly training a large-scale model from scratch, how to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Deze Wang , Zhouyang Jia , Shanshan Li , Yue Yu , Yun Xiong , Wei Dong , Xiangke Liao

It is common practice to reuse models initially trained on different data to increase downstream task performance. Especially in the computer vision domain, ImageNet-pretrained weights have been successfully used for various tasks. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-01 Jonas Dippel , Matthias Lenga , Thomas Goerttler , Klaus Obermayer , Johannes Höhne

Quantitative and numerical comprehension in language is an important task in many fields like education and finance, but still remains a challenging task for language models. While tool and calculator usage has shown to be helpful to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Vishruth Veerendranath , Vishwa Shah , Kshitish Ghate

Most widely-used pre-trained language models operate on sequences of tokens corresponding to word or subword units. By comparison, token-free models that operate directly on raw text (bytes or characters) have many benefits: they can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Linting Xue , Aditya Barua , Noah Constant , Rami Al-Rfou , Sharan Narang , Mihir Kale , Adam Roberts , Colin Raffel

There has been great progress in unifying various table-to-text tasks using a single encoder-decoder model trained via multi-task learning (Xie et al., 2022). However, existing methods typically encode task information with a simple dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Jifan Chen , Yuhao Zhang , Lan Liu , Rui Dong , Xinchi Chen , Patrick Ng , William Yang Wang , Zhiheng Huang

Numerical reasoning over text (NRoT) presents unique challenges that are not well addressed by existing pre-training objectives. We explore five sequential training schedules that adapt a pre-trained T5 model for NRoT. Our final model is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Peng-Jian Yang , Ying Ting Chen , Yuechan Chen , Daniel Cer

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) has revolutionized the field of natural language processing through its exceptional performance on numerous tasks. Yet, the majority of researchers have mainly concentrated on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Wen Liang , Youzhi Liang

Recently, substantial progress has been made in text ranking based on pretrained language models such as BERT. However, there are limited studies on how to leverage more powerful sequence-to-sequence models such as T5. Existing attempts…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Honglei Zhuang , Zhen Qin , Rolf Jagerman , Kai Hui , Ji Ma , Jing Lu , Jianmo Ni , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky