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Automatically generating human-readable text describing the functionality of a program is the intent of source code summarization. Although neural language models achieve significant performance in this field, they are limited by their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Tong Ye , Lingfei Wu , Tengfei Ma , Xuhong Zhang , Yangkai Du , Peiyu Liu , Shouling Ji , Wenhai Wang

With a good code search engine, developers can reuse existing code snippets and accelerate software development process. Current code search methods can be divided into two categories: traditional information retrieval (IR) based and deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Fan Hu , Yanlin Wang , Lun Du , Xirong Li , Hongyu Zhang , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang

We adapt the well-known beam-search algorithm for machine translation to operate in a cascaded real-time speech translation system. This proved to be more complex than initially anticipated, due to four key challenges: (1) real-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Rastislav Rabatin , Frank Seide , Ernie Chang

This paper introduces a novel code-to-code search technique that enhances the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by including both static and dynamic features as well as utilizing both similar and dissimilar examples during…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Anthony Saieva , Saikat Chakraborty , Gail Kaiser

Semantic code search has been widely adopted in both academia and industry. These approaches embed natural-language queries and code snippets into a shared embedding space and retrieve results based on vector similarity. Despit strong…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yiming Liu , Ruofan Liu , Yun Lin , Zicong Zhang , Weiyu Kong , Pengnian Qi , Xiao Cheng , Weinan Zhang , Qianxiang Wang , Linpeng Huang

Despite the continuous efforts in improving both the effectiveness and efficiency of code search, two issues remained unsolved. First, programming languages have inherent strong structural linkages, and feature mining of code as text form…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Yi Hu , Bo Cai , Yaoxiang Yu

Retrieve-and-rerank is a popular retrieval pipeline because of its ability to make slow but effective rerankers efficient enough at query time by reducing the number of comparisons. Recent works in neural rerankers take advantage of large…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Eugene Yang , Andrew Yates , Kathryn Ricci , Orion Weller , Vivek Chari , Benjamin Van Durme , Dawn Lawrie

This paper outlines a conceptual framework for understanding recent developments in information retrieval and natural language processing that attempts to integrate dense and sparse retrieval methods. I propose a representational approach…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Jimmy Lin

Retrieval over large codebases is a key component of modern LLM-based software engineering systems. Existing approaches predominantly rely on dense embedding models, while learned sparse retrieval (LSR) remains largely unexplored for code.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Simon Lupart , Maxime Louis , Thibault Formal , Hervé Déjean , Stéphane Clinchant

While scaling training compute has led to remarkable improvements in large language models (LLMs), scaling inference compute has not yet yielded analogous gains. We hypothesize that a core missing component is a lack of diverse LLM outputs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Evan Wang , Federico Cassano , Catherine Wu , Yunfeng Bai , Will Song , Vaskar Nath , Ziwen Han , Sean Hendryx , Summer Yue , Hugh Zhang

Vector retrieval systems exhibit significant performance variance across queries due to heterogeneous embedding quality. We propose a lightweight framework for predicting retrieval performance at the query level by combining quantization…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Y. Du

Coded computing has emerged as a promising framework for tackling significant challenges in large-scale distributed computing, including the presence of slow, faulty, or compromised servers. In this approach, each worker node processes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Parsa Moradi , Behrooz Tahmasebi , Mohammad Ali Maddah-Ali

Semantic search is an important task which objective is to find the relevant index from a database for query. It requires a retrieval model that can properly learn the semantics of sentences. Transformer-based models are widely used as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Mingxi Tan , Alexis Rolland , Andong Tian

Pre-trained language models have been widely exploited to learn dense representations of documents and queries for information retrieval. While previous efforts have primarily focused on improving effectiveness and user satisfaction,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Cristina Ioana Muntean , Franco Maria Nardini , Raffaele Perego , Guido Rocchietti , Cosimo Rulli

Semantic code search is the task of retrieving a code snippet given a textual description of its functionality. Recent work has been focused on using similarity metrics between neural embeddings of text and code. However, current language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Shushan Arakelyan , Anna Hakhverdyan , Miltiadis Allamanis , Luis Garcia , Christophe Hauser , Xiang Ren

Cascades and speculative decoding are two common approaches to improving language models' inference efficiency. Both approaches involve interleaving models of different sizes, but via fundamentally distinct mechanisms: cascades employ a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Harikrishna Narasimhan , Wittawat Jitkrittum , Ankit Singh Rawat , Seungyeon Kim , Neha Gupta , Aditya Krishna Menon , Sanjiv Kumar

We consider the problem of semantic matching in product search: given a customer query, retrieve all semantically related products from a huge catalog of size 100 million, or more. Because of large catalog spaces and real-time latency…

Repository-scale code reasoning is a cornerstone of modern AI-assisted software engineering, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to handle complex workflows from program comprehension to complex debugging. However, balancing accuracy with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Zhonghang Li , Zongwei Li , Yuxuan Chen , Han Shi , Jiawei Li , Jierun Chen , Haoli Bai , Chao Huang

Language models often struggle with cross-mode knowledge retrieval -- the ability to access knowledge learned in one format (mode) when queried in another. We demonstrate that models trained on multiple data sources (e.g., Wikipedia and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Runlong Zhou , Yi Zhang

Modern retrieval systems do not rely on a single ranking model to construct their rankings. Instead, they generally take a cascading approach where a sequence of ranking models are applied in multiple re-ranking stages. Thereby, they…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Harrie Oosterhuis , Rolf Jagerman , Zhen Qin , Xuanhui Wang