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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across diverse tasks, but their large memory and compute demands hinder deployment. Ternarization has gained attention as a promising compression technique, delivering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Xianglong Yan , Chengzhu Bao , Zhiteng Li , Tianao Zhang , Kaicheng Yang , Haotong Qin , Ruobing Xie , Xingwu Sun , Yulun Zhang

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has recently emerged as an effective tool for reducing the computational complexity and memory usage of a neural network by representing its weights and activations with lower precision. While this paradigm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Logan Frank , Paul Ardis

In low-latency or mobile applications, lower computation complexity, lower memory footprint and better energy efficiency are desired. Many prior works address this need by removing redundant parameters. Parameter quantization replaces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Cheng-Chou Lan

Deep learning methods have established a significant place in image classification. While prior research has focused on enhancing final outcomes, the opaque nature of the decision-making process in these models remains a concern for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Elmira Mousa Rezabeyk , Salar Beigzad , Yasin Hamzavi , Mohsen Bagheritabar , Seyedeh Sogol Mirikhoozani

The use of low-bit quantization has emerged as an indispensable technique for enabling the efficient training of large-scale models. Despite its widespread empirical success, a rigorous theoretical understanding of its impact on learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-17 Dechen Zhang , Junwei Su , Difan Zou

Quantization and pruning are two essential techniques for compressing neural networks, yet they are often treated independently, with limited theoretical analysis connecting them. This paper introduces a unified framework for post-training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Haoyu Zhang , Rayan Saab

Quantization is a technique used in deep neural networks (DNNs) to increase execution performance and hardware efficiency. Uniform post-training quantization (PTQ) methods are common, since they can be implemented efficiently in hardware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Gil Shomron , Freddy Gabbay , Samer Kurzum , Uri Weiser

Tensor decomposition of convolutional and fully-connected layers is an effective way to reduce parameters and FLOP in neural networks. Due to memory and power consumption limitations of mobile or embedded devices, the quantization step is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Daria Cherniuk , Stanislav Abukhovich , Anh-Huy Phan , Ivan Oseledets , Andrzej Cichocki , Julia Gusak

Quantization can be used to form new vectors/matrices with shared values close to the original. In recent years, the popularity of scalar quantization for value-sharing applications has been soaring as it has been found huge utilities in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Chen Wang , Xiaomei Yang , Shaomin Fei , Kai Zhou , Xiaofeng Gong , Miao Du , Ruisen Luo

Deep neural networks (DNNs) can be made hardware-efficient by reducing the numerical precision of the weights and activations of the network and by improving the network's resilience to noise. However, this gain in efficiency often comes at…

Post-training quantization for reducing the storage of deep neural network models has been demonstrated to be an effective way in various tasks. However, low-bit quantization while maintaining model accuracy is a challenging problem. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Bingtao Yang , Yujia Wang , Mengzhi Jiao , Hongwei Huo

Neural network quantization is frequently used to optimize model size, latency and power consumption for on-device deployment of neural networks. In many cases, a target bit-width is set for an entire network, meaning every layer get…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Nilesh Prasad Pandey , Markus Nagel , Mart van Baalen , Yin Huang , Chirag Patel , Tijmen Blankevoort

Network quantization, which aims to reduce the bit-lengths of the network weights and activations, has emerged for their deployments to resource-limited devices. Although recent studies have successfully discretized a full-precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Jung Hyun Lee , Jihun Yun , Sung Ju Hwang , Eunho Yang

Improving the efficiency of inference in Large Language Models (LLMs) is a critical area of research. Post-training Quantization (PTQ) is a popular technique, but it often faces challenges at low-bit levels, particularly in downstream…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Wenjin Ke , Zhe Li , Dong Li , Lu Tian , Emad Barsoum

Although considerable progress has been obtained in neural network quantization for efficient inference, existing methods are not scalable to heterogeneous devices as one dedicated model needs to be trained, transmitted, and stored for one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Hai Wu , Ruifei He , Haoru Tan , Xiaojuan Qi , Kaibin Huang

Large language models of high parameter counts are computationally expensive, yet can be made much more efficient by compressing their weights to very low numerical precision. This can be achieved either through post-training quantization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Zifei Xu , Sayeh Sharify , Wanzin Yazar , Tristan Webb , Xin Wang

Network quantization has gained increasing attention with the rapid growth of large pre-trained language models~(PLMs). However, most existing quantization methods for PLMs follow quantization-aware training~(QAT) that requires end-to-end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Haoli Bai , Lu Hou , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Irwin King , Michael R. Lyu

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in NLP, but their demands hinder their widespread deployment. While Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) offers a solution, its extensive training costs make Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) a more practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Jing Liu , Ruihao Gong , Xiuying Wei , Zhiwei Dong , Jianfei Cai , Bohan Zhuang

Deep Neural Networks(DNNs) have many parameters and activation data, and these both are expensive to implement. One method to reduce the size of the DNN is to quantize the pre-trained model by using a low-bit expression for weights and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Jun Nishikawa , Ryoji Ikegaya

Operating deep neural networks (DNNs) on devices with limited resources requires the reduction of their memory as well as computational footprint. Popular reduction methods are network quantization or pruning, which either reduce the word…