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A new approach to data-driven discovery of Koopman eigenfunctions without a pre-defined set of basis functions is proposed. The approach is based on a reference trajectory, for which the Koopman mode amplitudes are first identified, and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 David Grasev

This paper presents a novel identification approach of Koopman models of nonlinear systems with inputs under rather general noise conditions. The method uses deep state-space encoders based on the concept of state reconstructability and an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-12 Lucian Cristian Iacob , Máté Szécsi , Gerben Izaak Beintema , Maarten Schoukens , Roland Tóth

Recurrent neural networks are widely used on time series data, yet such models often ignore the underlying physical structures in such sequences. A new class of physics-based methods related to Koopman theory has been introduced, offering…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-07-01 Omri Azencot , N. Benjamin Erichson , Vanessa Lin , Michael W. Mahoney

Koopman operators model nonlinear dynamics as a linear dynamic system acting on a nonlinear function as the state. This nonstandard state is often called a Koopman observable and is usually approximated numerically by a superposition of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-15 Charles A. Johnson , Shara Balakrishnan , Enoch Yeung

Koopman operator theory has emerged as a leading data-driven approach that relies on a judicious choice of observable functions to realize global linear representations of nonlinear systems in the lifted observable space. However,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Aditya Singh , Rajpal Singh , Jishnu Keshavan

This paper considers the observability of nonlinear systems from a Koopman operator theoretic perspective--and in particular--the effect of symmetry on observability. We first examine an infinite-dimensional linear system (constructed using…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Afshin Mesbahi , Jingjing Bu , Mehran Mesbahi

This paper presents a methodology to achieve lower-dimensional Koopman quasi-linear representations of nonlinear system dynamics using Koopman generalized eigenfunctions. The proposed approach considers the analytically derived Koopman…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-28 Simone Martini , Margareta Stefanovic , Kimon P. Valavanis

The Koopman operator lifts nonlinear dynamical systems into a functional space of observables, where the dynamics are linear. In this paper, we provide three different Koopman representations for hybrid systems. The first is specific to…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-06-23 Craig Bakker , Arnab Bhattacharya , Samrat Chatterjee , Casey J. Perkins , Matthew R. Oster

An outstanding challenge in nonlinear systems theory is identification or learning of a given nonlinear system's Koopman operator directly from data or models. Advances in extended dynamic mode decomposition approaches and machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-11 Charles A. Johnson , Enoch Yeung

The challenge of finding exact and finite-dimensional Koopman embeddings of nonlinear systems has been largely circumvented by employing data-driven techniques to learn models of different complexities (e.g., linear, bilinear, input…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-22 Lucian Cristian Iacob , Roland Tóth , Maarten Schoukens

Koopman operator theory has gained significant attention in recent years for identifying discrete-time nonlinear systems by embedding them into an infinite-dimensional linear vector space. However, providing stability guarantees while…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-03 Ruikun Zhou , Yiming Meng , Zhexuan Zeng , Jun Liu

We provide an overview of the Koopman operator analysis for a class of partial differential equations describing relaxation of the field variable to a stable stationary state. We introduce Koopman eigenfunctionals of the system and use the…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2021-06-04 Hiroya Nakao , Igor Mezić

This paper proposes a unified family of learnable Koopman operator parameterizations that integrate linear dynamical systems theory with modern deep learning forecasting architectures. We introduce four learnable Koopman…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Ali Forootani , Raffaele Iervolino

Synchronization is an important dynamical phenomenon in coupled nonlinear systems, which has been studied extensively in recent years. However, analysis focused on individual orbits seems hard to extend to complex systems while a global…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2021-01-04 Jing Hu , Yueheng Lan

This work proposes a data-driven approach for bifurcation analysis in nonlinear systems when the governing differential equations are not available. Specifically, regularized regression with barrier terms is used to learn a homeomorphism…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-12 Wentao Tang

Soft robots are challenging to model and control as inherent non-linearities (e.g., elasticity and deformation), often requires complex explicit physics-based analytical modeling (e.g., a priori geometric definitions). While machine…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Naoto Komeno , Brendan Michael , Katharina Küchler , Edgar Anarossi , Takamitsu Matsubara

In this paper we propose a new Koopman operator approach to the decomposition of nonlinear dynamical systems using Koopman Gramians. We introduce the notion of an input-Koopman operator, and show how input-Koopman operators can be used to…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-12-11 Zhiyuan Liu , Soumya Kundu , Lijun Chen , Enoch Yeung

We propose a novel framework for learning linear time-invariant (LTI) models for a class of continuous-time non-autonomous nonlinear dynamics based on a representation of Koopman operators. In general, the operator is infinite-dimensional…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-24 Petar Bevanda , Max Beier , Shahab Heshmati-Alamdari , Stefan Sosnowski , Sandra Hirche

Koopman operator theory provides a powerful framework for representing nonlinear dynamics through a linear operator acting on lifted observables, enabling the use of linear control techniques for nonlinear systems. However, Koopman models…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chandan Kumar Sah , Rajpal Singh , Jishnu Keshavan

Nonlinearity presents a significant challenge in problems involving dynamical systems, prompting the exploration of various linearization techniques, including the well-known Carleman Linearization. In this paper, we introduce the Koopman…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-10-31 Dongwei Shi , Xiu Yang