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In this paper we present a clean, yet effective, model for word sense disambiguation. Our approach leverage a bidirectional long short-term memory network which is shared between all words. This enables the model to share statistical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-22 Mikael Kågebäck , Hans Salomonsson

Recent work in cross-lingual contextual word embedding learning cannot handle multi-sense words well. In this work, we explore the characteristics of contextual word embeddings and show the link between contextual word embeddings and word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-20 Zheng Zhang , Ruiqing Yin , Jun Zhu , Pierre Zweigenbaum

Search behaviour is characterised using synonymy and polysemy as users often want to search information based on meaning. Semantic representation strategies represent a move towards richer associative connections that can adequately capture…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Niall McCarroll , Kevin Curran , Eugene McNamee , Angela Clist , Andrew Brammer

Pre-trained word embeddings encode general word semantics and lexical regularities of natural language, and have proven useful across many NLP tasks, including word sense disambiguation, machine translation, and sentiment analysis, to name…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Alejandro Moreo , Andrea Esuli , Fabrizio Sebastiani

Distributed word embeddings have yielded state-of-the-art performance in many NLP tasks, mainly due to their success in capturing useful semantic information. These representations assign only a single vector to each word whereas a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Shobhit Jain , Sravan Babu Bodapati , Ramesh Nallapati , Anima Anandkumar

Most existing word embedding methods can be categorized into Neural Embedding Models and Matrix Factorization (MF)-based methods. However some models are opaque to probabilistic interpretation, and MF-based methods, typically solved using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-08-18 Shaohua Li , Jun Zhu , Chunyan Miao

External knowledge is often useful for natural language understanding tasks. We introduce a contextual text representation model called Conceptual-Contextual (CC) embeddings, which incorporates structured knowledge into text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Xiao Zhang , Dejing Dou , Ji Wu

This paper proposes a modularized sense induction and representation learning model that jointly learns bilingual sense embeddings that align well in the vector space, where the cross-lingual signal in the English-Chinese parallel corpus is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Ta-Chung Chi , Yun-Nung Chen

While static word embeddings are blind to context, for lexical semantics tasks context is rather too present in contextual word embeddings, vectors of same-meaning occurrences being too different (Ethayarajh, 2019). Fine-tuning pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Anna Mosolova , Marie Candito , Carlos Ramisch

Word embeddings are now a standard technique for inducing meaning representations for words. For getting good representations, it is important to take into account different senses of a word. In this paper, we propose a mixture model for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-14 Dai Quoc Nguyen , Dat Quoc Nguyen , Ashutosh Modi , Stefan Thater , Manfred Pinkal

Contextualized word representations are able to give different representations for the same word in different contexts, and they have been shown to be effective in downstream natural language processing tasks, such as question answering,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Christian Hadiwinoto , Hwee Tou Ng , Wee Chung Gan

Recent approaches for sentiment lexicon induction have capitalized on pre-trained word embeddings that capture latent semantic properties. However, embeddings obtained by optimizing performance of a given task (e.g. predicting contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-09 Silvio Amir , Rámon Astudillo , Wang Ling , Paula C. Carvalho , Mário J. Silva

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable advancement in various NLP tasks. As such, a popular trend has emerged lately where NLP researchers extract word/sentence/document embeddings from these large decoder-only models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yash Mahajan , Matthew Freestone , Sathyanarayanan Aakur , Santu Karmaker

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable advancement in various NLP tasks. As such, a popular trend has emerged lately where NLP researchers extract word/sentence/document embeddings from these large decoder-only models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yash Mahajan , Matthew Freestone , Naman Bansal , Sathyanarayanan Aakur , Shubhra Kanti Karmaker Santu

We present a new method for estimating vector space representations of words: embedding learning by concept induction. We test this method on a highly parallel corpus and learn semantic representations of words in 1259 different languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-28 Philipp Dufter , Mengjie Zhao , Martin Schmitt , Alexander Fraser , Hinrich Schütze

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful machine-learning systems capable of handling a myriad of tasks. Tuned versions of these systems have been turned into chatbots that can respond to user queries on a vast diversity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Kevin G. Yager

Crosslingual word embeddings represent lexical items from different languages in the same vector space, enabling transfer of NLP tools. However, previous attempts had expensive resource requirements, difficulty incorporating monolingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-01 Long Duong , Hiroshi Kanayama , Tengfei Ma , Steven Bird , Trevor Cohn

Empirical grammar research has become increasingly data-driven, but the systematic analysis of annotated corpora still requires substantial methodological and technical effort. We explore how agentic large language models (LLMs) can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Matej Klemen , Tjaša Arčon , Luka Terčon , Marko Robnik-Šikonja , Kaja Dobrovoljc

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance on diverse benchmarks, yet existing evaluation practices largely rely on coarse summary metrics that obscure underlying reasoning abilities. In this work, we propose novel…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-17 Jia Liu , Zhiyu Xu , Yuqi Gu

Wordnets are indispensable tools for various natural language processing applications. Unfortunately, wordnets get outdated, and producing or updating wordnets can be slow and costly in terms of time and resources. This problem intensifies…