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There appears to be a common agreement that ethical concerns are of high importance when it comes to systems equipped with some sort of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Demands for ethical AI are declared from all directions. As a response, in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Ville Vakkuri , Marianna Jantunen , Erika Halme , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Anh Nguyen-Duc , Tommi Mikkonen , Pekka Abrahamsson

Making moral judgments is an essential step toward developing ethical AI systems. Prevalent approaches are mostly implemented in a bottom-up manner, which uses a large set of annotated data to train models based on crowd-sourced opinions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jingyan Zhou , Minda Hu , Junan Li , Xiaoying Zhang , Xixin Wu , Irwin King , Helen Meng

In the last few years, AI continues demonstrating its positive impact on society while sometimes with ethically questionable consequences. Building and maintaining public trust in AI has been identified as the key to successful and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Liming Zhu , Xiwei Xu , Qinghua Lu , Guido Governatori , Jon Whittle

In recent years, we have witnessed a marked development and growth in Artificial Intelligence. The growth of the data volume generated by sensors and machines, combined with the information flow resulting from the user actions on the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Martim Veiga , Carlos J. Costa

While many see the prospect of autonomous machines as threatening, autonomy may be exactly what we want in a superintelligent machine. There is a sense of autonomy, deeply rooted in the ethical literature, in which an autonomous machine is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-07 John Hooker

The question of whether artificial entities deserve moral consideration has become one of the defining ethical challenges of AI research. Existing frameworks for moral patiency rely on verified ontological properties, such as sentience,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Faezeh B. Pasandi , Hannah B. Pasandi

We show how to assess a language model's knowledge of basic concepts of morality. We introduce the ETHICS dataset, a new benchmark that spans concepts in justice, well-being, duties, virtues, and commonsense morality. Models predict…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Dan Hendrycks , Collin Burns , Steven Basart , Andrew Critch , Jerry Li , Dawn Song , Jacob Steinhardt

The transfer of tasks with sometimes far-reaching moral implications to autonomous systems raises a number of ethical questions. In addition to fundamental questions about the moral agency of these systems, behavioral issues arise. This…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Till Feier , Jan Gogoll , Matthias Uhl

As AI systems increasingly permeate everyday life, designers and developers face mounting pressure to balance innovation with ethical design choices. To date, the operationalisation of AI ethics has predominantly depended on frameworks that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Benjamin J. Carroll , Jianlong Zhou , Paul F. Burke , Sabine Ammon

How to attribute responsibility for autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) systems' actions has been widely debated across the humanities and social science disciplines. This work presents two experiments ($N$=200 each) that measure…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Gabriel Lima , Nina Grgić-Hlača , Meeyoung Cha

This article appears as chapter 21 of Prince (2023, Understanding Deep Learning); a complete draft of the textbook is available here: http://udlbook.com. This chapter considers potential harms arising from the design and use of AI systems.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Travis LaCroix , Simon J. D. Prince

AI-based systems can increasingly perform work tasks autonomously. In safety-critical tasks, human oversight of these systems is required to mitigate risks and to ensure responsibility in case something goes wrong. Since people often…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Cedric Faas , Richard Uth , Sarah Sterz , Markus Langer , Anna Maria Feit

Large-scale behavioral datasets enable researchers to use complex machine learning algorithms to better predict human behavior, yet this increased predictive power does not always lead to a better understanding of the behavior in question.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-05-14 Mayank Agrawal , Joshua C. Peterson , Thomas L. Griffiths

Is it possible to evaluate the moral cognition of complex artificial agents? In this work, we take a look at one aspect of morality: `doing the right thing for the right reasons.' We propose a behavior-based analysis of artificial moral…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Yiran Mao , Madeline G. Reinecke , Markus Kunesch , Edgar A. Duéñez-Guzmán , Ramona Comanescu , Julia Haas , Joel Z. Leibo

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems exert a growing influence on our society. As they become more ubiquitous, their potential negative impacts also become evident through various real-world incidents. Following such early incidents,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Ville Vakkuri , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Pekka Abrahamsson

As artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics increasingly permeate society, ensuring the ethical behavior of these systems has become paramount. This paper contends that transparency in AI decision-making processes is fundamental to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Ahmad Farooq , Kamran Iqbal

GenAI systems are increasingly used for drafting, summarisation, and decision support, offering substantial gains in productivity and reduced cognitive load. However, the same natural language fluency that makes these systems useful can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Md Zahidul Islam

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) raise important questions about whether people view moral evaluations by AI systems similarly to human-generated moral evaluations. We conducted a modified Moral Turing Test (m-MTT), inspired by…

Many studies have identified particular features of artificial intelligences (AI), such as their autonomy and emotion expression, that affect the extent to which they are treated as subjects of moral consideration. However, there has not…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Ali Ladak , Jamie Harris , Jacy Reese Anthis

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems exert a growing influence on society, real-life incidents begin to underline the importance of AI Ethics. Though calls for more ethical AI systems have been voiced by scholars and the general public…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Ville Vakkuri , Kai-Kristian Kemell