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Positional encoding (PE) underpins how permutation-invariant Transformers represent sequence order, yet how positional information is processed and stored remains poorly understood. Modern PE methods such as RoPE still struggle on tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Pierre-Antoine Lequeu , Camille Barboule , Benjamin Piwowarski

Recent advancements in transformer-based models have greatly improved time series analysis, providing robust solutions for tasks such as forecasting, anomaly detection, and classification. A crucial element of these models is positional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Habib Irani , Vangelis Metsis

Bootstrap-based Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) has achieved remarkable progress in audio understanding. However, existing methods typically operate at a single level of granularity, limiting their ability to model the diverse temporal and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-30 Bing Han , Chushu Zhou , Yifan Yang , Wei Wang , Chenda Li , Wangyou Zhang , Yanmin Qian

Transformers, central to the successes in modern Natural Language Processing, often falter on arithmetic tasks despite their vast capabilities --which paradoxically include remarkable coding abilities. We observe that a crucial challenge is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Ruoqi Shen , Sébastien Bubeck , Ronen Eldan , Yin Tat Lee , Yuanzhi Li , Yi Zhang

Continual learning involves training neural networks incrementally for new tasks while retaining the knowledge of previous tasks. However, efficiently fine-tuning the model for sequential tasks with minimal computational resources remains a…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Nithish Muthuchamy Selvaraj , Xiaobao Guo , Adams Kong , Bingquan Shen , Alex Kot

The objective of this work is to give patch-size flexibility to Audio Spectrogram Transformers (AST). Recent advancements in ASTs have shown superior performance in various audio-based tasks. However, the performance of standard ASTs…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Jiu Feng , Mehmet Hamza Erol , Joon Son Chung , Arda Senocak

Acoustic Scene Classification (ASC) is one of the core research problems in the field of Computational Sound Scene Analysis. In this work, we present SubSpectralNet, a novel model which captures discriminative features by incorporating…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Sai Samarth R Phaye , Emmanouil Benetos , Ye Wang

Positional encodings are employed to capture the high frequency information of the encoded signals in implicit neural representation (INR). In this paper, we propose a novel positional encoding method which improves the reconstruction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Bharath Bhushan Damodaran , Francois Schnitzler , Anne Lambert , Pierre Hellier

Audio captioning aims to automatically generate a natural language description of an audio clip. Most captioning models follow an encoder-decoder architecture, where the decoder predicts words based on the audio features extracted by the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-22 Xinhao Mei , Xubo Liu , Qiushi Huang , Mark D. Plumbley , Wenwu Wang

Transformer-based models attain excellent results and generalize well when trained on sufficient amounts of data. However, constrained by the limited data available in the audio domain, most transformer-based models for audio tasks are…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Dading Chong , Helin Wang , Peilin Zhou , Qingcheng Zeng

Acoustic scene classification (ASC) is a problem related to the field of machine listening whose objective is to classify/tag an audio clip in a predefined label describing a scene location (e. g. park, airport, etc.). Many state-of-the-art…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Javier Naranjo-Alcazar , Sergi Perez-Castanos , Pedro Zuccarello , Maximo Cobos

Attentional mechanisms are order-invariant. Positional encoding is a crucial component to allow attention-based deep model architectures such as Transformer to address sequences or images where the position of information matters. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Yang Li , Si Si , Gang Li , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Samy Bengio

Previous work has shown that for low-resource source languages, automatic speech-to-text translation (AST) can be improved by pretraining an end-to-end model on automatic speech recognition (ASR) data from a high-resource language. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Mihaela C. Stoian , Sameer Bansal , Sharon Goldwater

We address the fundamental incompatibility of attention-based encoder-decoder (AED) models with long-form acoustic encodings. AED models trained on segmented utterances learn to encode absolute frame positions by exploiting limited acoustic…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Pawel Swietojanski , Xinwei Li , Mingbin Xu , Takaaki Hori , Dogan Can , Xiaodan Zhuang

Recent advances in learning aligned multimodal representations have been primarily driven by training large neural networks on massive, noisy paired-modality datasets. In this work, we ask whether it is possible to achieve similar results…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Elan Rosenfeld , Preetum Nakkiran , Hadi Pouransari , Oncel Tuzel , Fartash Faghri

In the acoustic event classification (AEC) framework that employs Blinkies, audio signals are converted into LED light emissions and subsequently captured by a single video camera. However, the 30 fps optical transmission channel conveys…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Xiaoyang Liu , Yuma Kinoshita

Transformer-based audio self-supervised learning (SSL) models commonly use spectrograms, vision-style Transformers, and masked modeling objectives. However, convolutional patchification with temporal downsampling lowers the effective…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kohei Yamamoto , Kosuke Okusa

The success of deep neural networks often relies on a large amount of labeled examples, which can be difficult to obtain in many real scenarios. To address this challenge, unsupervised methods are strongly preferred for training neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Liheng Zhang , Guo-Jun Qi , Liqiang Wang , Jiebo Luo

We propose autoencoding speaker conversion for training data augmentation in automatic speech translation. This technique directly transforms an audio sequence, resulting in audio synthesized to resemble another speaker's voice. Our method…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-28 Arya D. McCarthy , Liezl Puzon , Juan Pino

Automated audio captioning aims to describe audio data with captions using natural language. Existing methods often employ an encoder-decoder structure, where the attention-based decoder (e.g., Transformer decoder) is widely used and…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Feiyang Xiao , Jian Guan , Haiyan Lan , Qiaoxi Zhu , Wenwu Wang