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In reinforcement learning (RL), agents often operate in partially observed and uncertain environments. Model-based RL suggests that this is best achieved by learning and exploiting a probabilistic model of the world. 'Active inference' is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Alexander Tschantz , Manuel Baltieri , Anil. K. Seth , Christopher L. Buckley

We introduce the framework of performative reinforcement learning where the policy chosen by the learner affects the underlying reward and transition dynamics of the environment. Following the recent literature on performative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Debmalya Mandal , Stelios Triantafyllou , Goran Radanovic

Reinforcement learning means learning a policy--a mapping of observations into actions--based on feedback from the environment. The learning can be viewed as browsing a set of policies while evaluating them by trial through interaction with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-25 Leonid Peshkin , Virginia Savova

Reinforcement learning has achieved great success in various applications. To learn an effective policy for the agent, it usually requires a huge amount of data by interacting with the environment, which could be computational costly and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Kun-Peng Ning , Sheng-Jun Huang

In reinforcement learning (RL), agents continually interact with the environment and use the feedback to refine their behavior. To guide policy optimization, reward models are introduced as proxies of the desired objectives, such that when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Rui Yu , Shenghua Wan , Yucen Wang , Chen-Xiao Gao , Le Gan , Zongzhang Zhang , De-Chuan Zhan

We explore the impact of environmental conditions on the competency of machine learning agents and how real-time competency assessments improve the reliability of ML agents. We learn a representation of conditions which impact the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 M. Planer , J. M. Sierchio , for BAE Systems

Large language models are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents that must plan, act, and recover from mistakes through long-horizon interaction with environments that provide rich feedback. However, prevailing outcome-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Rui Ge , Yichao Fu , Yuyang Qian , Junda Su , Yiming Zhao , Peng Zhao , Hao Zhang

Successful teaching requires an assumption of how the learner learns - how the learner uses experiences from the world to update their internal states. We investigate what expectations people have about a learner when they teach them in an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Yun-Shiuan Chuang , Xuezhou Zhang , Yuzhe Ma , Mark K. Ho , Joseph L. Austerweil , Xiaojin Zhu

Empowerment quantifies the influence an agent has on its environment. This is formally achieved by the maximum of the expected KL-divergence between the distribution of the successor state conditioned on a specific action and a distribution…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-09-29 Maximilian Karl , Justin Bayer , Patrick van der Smagt

Reinforcement learning suffers from limitations in real practices primarily due to the number of required interactions with virtual environments. It results in a challenging problem because we are implausible to obtain a local optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Qizhen Wu , Kexin Liu , Lei Chen

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have become indispensable tools in artificial intelligence, empowering agents to acquire optimal decision-making policies through interactions with their environment and feedback mechanisms. This study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Ergon Cugler de Moraes Silva

Standard reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) agents typically optimizes extrinsic rewards, prioritizing isolated task completion over continual adaptation. Consequently, agents often converge to suboptimal policies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xiaoying Zhang , Zichen Liu , Yipeng Zhang , Xia Hu , Wenqi Shao

Existing agents for solving tasks such as ML engineering rely on prompting powerful language models. As a result, these agents do not improve with more experience. In this paper, we show that agents backed by weaker models that improve via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Sherry Yang , Joy He-Yueya , Percy Liang

In reinforcement learning (RL), different reward functions can define the same optimal policy but result in drastically different learning performance. For some, the agent gets stuck with a suboptimal behavior, and for others, it solves the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Grigorii Veviurko , Wendelin Böhmer , Mathijs de Weerdt

A reinforcement learning agent tries to maximize its cumulative payoff by interacting in an unknown environment. It is important for the agent to explore suboptimal actions as well as to pick actions with highest known rewards. Yet, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Reazul Hasan Russel

The pursuit of general intelligence has traditionally centered on external objectives: an agent's control over its environments or mastery of specific tasks. This external focus, however, can produce specialized agents that lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Hanqi Zhou , Fryderyk Mantiuk , David G. Nagy , Charley M. Wu

Despite groundbreaking progress in reinforcement learning for robotics, gameplay, and other complex domains, major challenges remain in applying reinforcement learning to the evolving, open-world problems often found in critical application…

We introduce Synthetic Environments (SEs) and Reward Networks (RNs), represented by neural networks, as proxy environment models for training Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents. We show that an agent, after being trained exclusively on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Fabio Ferreira , Thomas Nierhoff , Andreas Saelinger , Frank Hutter

One of the central challenges faced by a reinforcement learning (RL) agent is to effectively learn a (near-)optimal policy in environments with large state spaces having sparse and noisy feedback signals. In real-world applications, an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Parameswaran Kamalaruban , Rati Devidze , Volkan Cevher , Adish Singla

How have individuals of social animals in nature evolved to learn from each other, and what would be the optimal strategy for such learning in a specific environment? Here, we address both problems by employing a deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Seungwoong Ha , Hawoong Jeong