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Related papers: Automated Essay Scoring Using Transformer Models

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Research on automated essay scoring has become increasing important because it serves as a method for evaluating students' written-responses at scale. Scalable methods for scoring written responses are needed as students migrate to online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Tahereh Firoozi , Hamid Mohammadi , Mark J. Gierl

Most research in the area of automatic essay grading (AEG) is geared towards scoring the essay holistically while there has also been some work done on scoring individual essay traits. In this paper, we describe a way to score essays…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Rahul Kumar , Sandeep Mathias , Sriparna Saha , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Multi-trait automated essay scoring (AES) systems provide a fine-grained evaluation of an essay's diverse aspects. While they excel in scoring, prior systems fail to explain why specific trait scores are assigned. This lack of transparency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Heejin Do , Sangwon Ryu , Gary Geunbae Lee

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has brought a new paradigm to automated essay scoring (AES), a long-standing and practical application of natural language processing in education. However, achieving human-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Jinhee Jang , Ayoung Moon , Minkyoung Jung , YoungBin Kim , Seung Jin Lee

Recently, encoder-only pre-trained models such as BERT have been successfully applied in automated essay scoring (AES) to predict a single overall score. However, studies have yet to explore these models in multi-trait AES, possibly due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Heejin Do , Yunsu Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Automatic essay grading (AEG) is a process in which machines assign a grade to an essay written in response to a topic, called the prompt. Zero-shot AEG is when we train a system to grade essays written to a new prompt which was not present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Sandeep Mathias , Rudra Murthy , Diptesh Kanojia , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) plays a crucial role in educational assessment by providing scalable and consistent evaluations of writing tasks. However, traditional AES systems face three major challenges: (1) reliance on handcrafted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiamin Su , Yibo Yan , Fangteng Fu , Han Zhang , Jingheng Ye , Xiang Liu , Jiahao Huo , Huiyu Zhou , Xuming Hu

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) and Automatic Essay Feedback (AEF) systems aim to reduce the workload of human raters in educational assessment. However, most existing systems prioritize numerical scoring accuracy over feedback quality and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Joaquín Jordán , Xavier Yin , Melissa Fabros , Gireeja Ranade , Narges Norouzi

While automated essay scoring (AES) can reliably grade essays at scale, automated writing evaluation (AWE) additionally provides formative feedback to guide essay revision. However, a neural AES typically does not provide useful feature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Haoran Zhang , Diane Litman

Neural based approaches to automatic evaluation of subjective responses have shown superior performance and efficiency compared to traditional rule-based and feature engineering oriented solutions. However, it remains unclear whether the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Brian Cho , Youngbin Jang , Jaewoong Yoon

Voice assistants increasingly use on-device Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) to ensure speed and privacy. However, due to resource constraints on the device, queries pertaining to complex information domains often require further…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-13 Iwen E. Kang , Christophe Van Gysel , Man-Hung Siu

Recent automated essay scoring (AES) studies increasingly use pretrained transformer models, but these models are usually pretrained on general-domain English and may under-represent second-language learner writing. This study investigates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Duy Anh Nguyen

Recent advances in automated essay scoring (AES) have shifted towards evaluating multiple traits to provide enriched feedback. Like typical AES systems, multi-trait AES employs the quadratic weighted kappa (QWK) to measure agreement with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Heejin Do , Sangwon Ryu , Gary Geunbae Lee

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems now reach near human agreement on some public benchmarks, yet real-world adoption, especially in high-stakes examinations, remains limited. A principal obstacle is that most models output a single score…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ahmed Karim , Qiao Wang , Zheng Yuan

The utilization of technology in second language learning and teaching has become ubiquitous. For the assessment of writing specifically, automated writing evaluation (AWE) and grammatical error correction (GEC) have become immensely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Izia Xiaoxiao Wang , Xihan Wu , Edith Coates , Min Zeng , Jiexin Kuang , Siliang Liu , Mengyang Qiu , Jungyeul Park

The grading of open-ended questions is a high-effort, high-impact task in education. Automating this task promises a significant reduction in workload for education professionals, as well as more consistent grading outcomes for students, by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Alexandra Gobrecht , Felix Tuma , Moritz Möller , Thomas Zöller , Mark Zakhvatkin , Alexandra Wuttig , Holger Sommerfeldt , Sven Schütt

A key ethical challenge in Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is ensuring that scores are only released when they meet high reliability standards. Confidence modelling addresses this by assigning a reliability estimate measure, in the form of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Abhirup Chakravarty , Mark Brenchley , Trevor Breakspear , Ian Lewin , Yan Huang

Long context may impose challenges for encoder-only language models in text processing, specifically for automated scoring of essays. This study trained several commonly used encoder-based language models for automated scoring of long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Kuo Wang , Haowei Hua , Pengfei Yan , Hong Jiao , Dan Song

Recent advances in cross-prompt automated essay scoring (AES) typically train models jointly on all source prompts, often requiring additional access to unlabeled target prompt essays simultaneously. However, using all sources is suboptimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Sanwoo Lee , Kun Liang , Yunfang Wu

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable success across a variety of tasks. However, their potential in the domain of Automated Essay Scoring (AES) remains largely underexplored. Moreover, compared to English data,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Yida Cai , Kun Liang , Sanwoo Lee , Qinghan Wang , Yunfang Wu