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The recent advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has established their potential as autonomous interactive agents. However, they often struggle in strategic games of incomplete information, such as bilateral price negotiation. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Shuze Daniel Liu , Claire Chen , Jiabao Sean Xiao , Lei Lei , Yuheng Zhang , Yisong Yue , David Simchi-Levi

The sequential nature of decision-making in financial asset trading aligns naturally with the reinforcement learning (RL) framework, making RL a common approach in this domain. However, the low signal-to-noise ratio in financial markets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Sven Goluža , Tomislav Kovačević , Stjepan Begušić , Zvonko Kostanjčar

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been envisioned to have a competitive edge in quantitative finance. However, there is a steep development curve for quantitative traders to obtain an agent that automatically positions to win in the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-11-19 Xiao-Yang Liu , Hongyang Yang , Jiechao Gao , Christina Dan Wang

In the rapidly evolving landscape of eCommerce, Artificial Intelligence (AI) based pricing algorithms, particularly those utilizing Reinforcement Learning (RL), are becoming increasingly prevalent. This rise has led to an inextricable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Michael Schlechtinger , Damaris Kosack , Franz Krause , Heiko Paulheim

Optimal order execution is widely studied by industry practitioners and academic researchers because it determines the profitability of investment decisions and high-level trading strategies, particularly those involving large volumes of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-09-15 Michaël Karpe , Jin Fang , Zhongyao Ma , Chen Wang

We present a novel agent-based approach to simulating an over-the-counter (OTC) financial market in which trades are intermediated solely by market makers and agent visibility is constrained to a network topology. Dynamics, such as changes…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-05-07 James T. Wilkinson , Jacob Kelter , John Chen , Uri Wilensky

Financial markets are influenced by human behavior that deviates from rationality due to cognitive biases. Traditional reinforcement learning (RL) models for financial decision-making assume rational agents, potentially overlooking the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Liu He

We examine whether and how granular, real-time predictive models should be integrated into central banks' macroprudential toolkit. First, we develop a tractable framework that formalizes the tradeoff regulators face when choosing between…

General Economics · Economics 2025-07-28 Christopher Clayton , Antonio Coppola

Can large language model (LLM) agents reproduce the complex social dynamics that characterize human online behavior -- shaped by homophily, reciprocity, and social validation -- and what memory and learning mechanisms enable such dynamics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Philipp J. Schneider , Lin Tian , Marian-Andrei Rizoiu

In electronic trading markets often only the price or volume time series, that result from interaction of multiple market participants, are directly observable. In order to test trading strategies before deploying them to real-time trading,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Victor Storchan , Svitlana Vyetrenko , Tucker Balch

This study presents a Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based portfolio management model tailored for high-risk environments, addressing the limitations of traditional RL models and exploiting market opportunities through two-sided transactions…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-08-13 Ali Habibnia , Mahdi Soltanzadeh

Recently, there has been increasing interest in transparency and interpretability in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) systems. Verbal explanations, as the most natural way of communication in our daily life, deserve more attention, since…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Xinzhi Wang , Huao Li , Hui Zhang , Michael Lewis , Katia Sycara

With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 B Ravi Kiran , Ibrahim Sobh , Victor Talpaert , Patrick Mannion , Ahmad A. Al Sallab , Senthil Yogamani , Patrick Pérez

While Large Language Model (LLM) agents show promise in automated trading, they still face critical limitations. Prominent multi-agent frameworks often suffer from inefficiency, produce inconsistent signals, and lack the end-to-end…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zheye Deng , Weixiang Yan , Changlong Yu , Jiashu Wang

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been endowed with high expectations in tackling challenging manipulation tasks in an autonomous and self-directed fashion. Despite the significant strides made in the development of reinforcement…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Zhenshan Bing , Aleksandr Mavrichev , Sicong Shen , Xiangtong Yao , Kejia Chen , Kai Huang , Alois Knoll

Portfolio management is a fundamental problem in finance. It involves periodic reallocations of assets to maximize the expected returns within an appropriate level of risk exposure. Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been considered a…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-10-05 Hui Niu , Siyuan Li , Jian Li

Financial domain tasks, such as trading in market exchanges, are challenging and have long attracted researchers. The recent achievements and the consequent notoriety of Reinforcement Learning (RL) have also increased its adoption in…

In recent years, there has been a growing trend of applying Reinforcement Learning (RL) in financial applications. This approach has shown great potential to solve decision-making tasks in finance. In this survey, we present a comprehensive…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-11-21 Yahui Bai , Yuhe Gao , Runzhe Wan , Sheng Zhang , Rui Song

Sim2Real aims at training policies in high-fidelity simulation environments and effectively transferring them to the real world. Despite the developments of accurate simulators and Sim2Real RL approaches, the policies trained purely in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Akhil S Anand , Shambhuraj Sawant , Jasper Hoffmann , Dirk Reinhardt , Sebastien Gros

Mixed cooperative-competitive control scenarios such as human-machine interaction with individual goals of the interacting partners are very challenging for reinforcement learning agents. In order to contribute towards intuitive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-03 Florian Köpf , Alexander Nitsch , Michael Flad , Sören Hohmann
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