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The promise of fault-tolerant quantum computing is challenged by environmental drift that relentlessly degrades the quality of quantum operations. The contemporary solution, halting the entire quantum computation for recalibration, is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Volodymyr Sivak , Alexis Morvan , Michael Broughton , Rodrigo G. Cortiñas , Johannes Bausch , Andrew W. Senior , Matthew Neeley , Alec Eickbusch , Noah Shutty , Laleh Aghababaie Beni , James S. Spencer , Francisco J. H Heras , Thomas Edlich , Dmitry Abanin , Amira Abbas , Rajeev Acharya , Georg Aigeldinger , Ross Alcaraz , Sayra Alcaraz , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Walt Askew , Nikita Astrakhantsev , Juan Atalaya , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Hector Bates , Andreas Bengtsson , Majid Bigdeli Karimi , Alexander Bilmes , Simon Bilodeau , Felix Borjans , Alexandre Bourassa , Jenna Bovaird , Dylan Bowers , Leon Brill , Peter Brooks , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Jamal Busnaina , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Silas Chen , Ben Chiaro , Liang-Ying Chih , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Bryan Cochrane , Matt Cockrell , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , Harold Cook , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Martin Damyanov , Sayan Das , Dripto M. Debroy , Sean Demura , Paul Donohoe , Ilya Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Valerie Ehimhen , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Lior Ella , Mahmoud Elzouka , David Enriquez , Catherine Erickson , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Marcos Flores , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Jeremiah Ford , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Masaya Fukami , Alan Wing Lun Fung , Lenny Fuste , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Christopher Garrick , Robert Gasca , Helge Gehring , Robert Geiger , Élie Genois , William Giang , Dar Gilboa , James E. Goeders , Edward C. Gonzales , Raja Gosula , Stijn J. de Graaf , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Joel Grebel , Alex Greene , Jonathan A. Gross , Jose Guerrero , Loïck Le Guevel , Tan Ha , Steve Habegger , Tanner Hadick , Ali Hadjikhani , Michael C. Hamilton , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Jeanne Hartshorn , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Oscar Higgott , Reno Hiltermann , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Mike Hucka , Christopher Hudspeth , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Evan Jeffrey , Shaun Jevons , Zhang Jiang , Xiaoxuan Jin , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Andreas Kabel , Dvir Kafri , Hui Kang , Kiseo Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Ryan Kaufman , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Can M. Knaut , Bryce Kobrin , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , Ryuho Kudo , Ben Kueffler , Arun Kumar , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , Vitali Kutsko , Nathan Lacroix , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Justin Ledford , Joy Lee , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Wendy Leung , Lily Li , Wing Yan Li , Ming Li , Alexander T. Lill , William P. Livingston , Matthew T. Lloyd , Aditya Locharla , Laura De Lorenzo , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Sid Madhuk , Aniket Maiti , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrà , Leigh S. Martin , Orion Martin , Eric Mascot , Paul Masih Das , Dmitri Maslov , Melvin Mathews , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Matt McEwen , Seneca Meeks , Kevin C. Miao , Zlatko K. Minev , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Charles Neill , Michael Newman , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Logan Oas , Raymond Orosco , Kristoffer Ottosson , Alice Pagano , Agustin Di Paolo , Sherman Peek , David Peterson , Alex Pizzuto , Elias Portoles , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Michael Qian , Chris Quintana , Arpit Ranadive , Matthew J. Reagor , Rachel Resnick , David M. Rhodes , Daniel Riley , Gabrielle Roberts , Roberto Rodriguez , Emma Ropes , Lucia B. De Rose , Eliott Rosenberg , Emma Rosenfeld , Dario Rosenstock , Elizabeth Rossi , Pedram Roushan , David A. Rower , Robert Salazar , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Murat Can Sarihan , Kevin J. Satzinger , Max Schaefer , Sebastian Schroeder , Henry F. Schurkus , Aria Shahingohar , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Vladimir Shvarts , Spencer Small , W. Clarke Smith , David A. Sobel , Barrett Spells , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alexander Sztein , Madeline Taylor , Jothi Priyanka Thiruraman , Douglas Thor , Dogan Timucin , Eifu Tomita , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Hao Tran , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Meghan Voorhees , Steven Waltman , Jonathan Waltz , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , James D. Watson , Yonghua Wei , Travis Weidel , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Christopher J. Wood , Maddy Woodson , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Elliot Young , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Ran Zhang , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Nicholas Zobrist , Zhenjie Zou , Ryan Babbush , Dave Bacon , Sergio Boixo , Yu Chen , Zijun Chen , Michel Devoret , Monica Hansen , Jeremy Hilton , Cody Jones , Julian Kelly , Alexander N. Korotkov , Erik Lucero , Anthony Megrant , Hartmut Neven , William D. Oliver , Ganesh Ramachandran , Vadim Smelyanskiy , Paul V. Klimov

Resource consumption of the conventional surface code is expensive, in part due to the need to separate the defects that create the logical qubit far apart on the physical qubit lattice. We propose that instantiating the deformation-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-25 Shota Nagayama , Takahiko Satoh , Rodney Van Meter

Practical applications of quantum computing depend on fault-tolerant devices with error correction. Today, the most promising approach is a class of error-correcting codes called surface codes. We study the problem of compiling quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Abtin Molavi , Amanda Xu , Swamit Tannu , Aws Albarghouthi

Quantum error correction codes (QECC) are a key component for realizing the potential of quantum computing. QECC, as its classical counterpart (ECC), enables the reduction of error rates, by distributing quantum logical information across…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Yoni Choukroun , Lior Wolf

Quantum error correction will be a necessary component towards realizing scalable quantum computers with physical qubits. Theoretically, it is possible to perform arbitrarily long computations if the error rate is below a threshold value.…

We analyze the performance of quantum stabilizer codes, one of the most important classes for practical implementations, on both symmetric and asymmetric quantum channels. To this aim, we first derive the weight enumerator (WE) for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 Diego Forlivesi , Lorenzo Valentini , Marco Chiani

Real quantum computers will be subject to complicated, qubit-dependent noise, instead of simple noise such as depolarizing noise with the same strength for all qubits. We can do quantum error correction more effectively if our decoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-20 Alex Fischer , Akimasa Miyake

Atom loss is a major error source in neutral-atom quantum computers, accounting for over 40% of the total physical errors in recent experiments. Its nonlinear and correlated nature poses significant challenges: current syndrome extraction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Pengyu Liu , Shi Jie Samuel Tan , Eric Huang , Umut A. Acar , Hengyun Zhou , Chen Zhao

Quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) is at the heart of fault-tolerant quantum computing. As the size of quantum platforms is expected to grow, one of the open questions is to design new optimal codes of ever-increasing size. A related…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Refat Ismail , Ashish Kakkar , Anatoly Dymarsky

To enable fault tolerance on millions of qubits in real time, scalable decoding is necessary, which motivates this paper. Existing decoding algorithms (decoders), such as clustering, matching, belief propagation (BP), and neural networks,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Yanzhang Zhu , Chen-Yu Peng , Yun Hao Chen , Yeong-Luh Ueng , Di Wu

Error correction allows a quantum computer to preserve states long beyond the decoherence time of its physical qubits. Key to any scheme of error correction is the decoding algorithm, which estimates the error state of qubits from the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-06 Stasiu Wolanski , Ben Barber

Fault-tolerant quantum computation demands extremely low logical error rates, yet superconducting qubit arrays are subject to radiation-induced correlated noise arising from cosmic-ray muon-generated quasiparticles. The quasiparticle…

We present a novel framework for applying deep neural networks (DNN) to soft decoding of linear codes at arbitrary block lengths. Unlike other approaches, our framework allows unconstrained DNN design, enabling the free application of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Amir Bennatan , Yoni Choukroun , Pavel Kisilev

Quantum error correction is believed to be essential for scalable quantum computation, but its implementation is challenging due to its considerable space-time overhead. Motivated by recent experiments demonstrating efficient manipulation…

We introduce an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) quantization methodology for platforms without wide accumulation registers. This enables fixed-point model deployment on embedded compute platforms that are not specifically designed for large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Barry de Bruin , Zoran Zivkovic , Henk Corporaal

We formulate a bounded distance decoding strategy applicable to all stabilizer codes including both CSS and non-CSS code-families. The framework emerges out of the local Clifford equivalence between arbitrary stabilizer states and graph…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Harikrishnan K J , Amit Kumar Pal

With quantum devices rapidly approaching qualities and scales needed for fault tolerance, the validity of simplified error models underpinning the study of quantum error correction needs to be experimentally evaluated. In this work, we have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-11 Spiro Gicev , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg , Muhammad Usman

Given a quantum gate circuit, how does one execute it in a fault-tolerant architecture with as little overhead as possible? In this paper, we discuss strategies for surface-code quantum computing on small, intermediate and large scales.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-07 Daniel Litinski

Practical quantum computing will require error rates that are well below what is achievable with physical qubits. Quantum error correction offers a path to algorithmically-relevant error rates by encoding logical qubits within many physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-08 Rajeev Acharya , Igor Aleiner , Richard Allen , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Dave Bacon , Joseph C. Bardin , Joao Basso , Andreas Bengtsson , Sergio Boixo , Gina Bortoli , Alexandre Bourassa , Jenna Bovaird , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , Bob B. Buckley , David A. Buell , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Yu Chen , Zijun Chen , Ben Chiaro , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Dripto M. Debroy , Alexander Del Toro Barba , Sean Demura , Andrew Dunsworth , Daniel Eppens , Catherine Erickson , Lara Faoro , Edward Farhi , Reza Fatemi , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , William Giang , Craig Gidney , Dar Gilboa , Marissa Giustina , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Jonathan A. Gross , Steve Habegger , Michael C. Hamilton , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Oscar Higgott , Jeremy Hilton , Markus Hoffmann , Sabrina Hong , Trent Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Lev B. Ioffe , Sergei V. Isakov , Justin Iveland , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Cody Jones , Pavol Juhas , Dvir Kafri , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Julian Kelly , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Mária Kieferová , Seon Kim , Alexei Kitaev , Paul V. Klimov , Andrey R. Klots , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , David Landhuis , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Lily Laws , Joonho Lee , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Alexander Lill , Wayne Liu , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Fionn D. Malone , Jeffrey Marshall , Orion Martin , Jarrod R. McClean , Trevor Mccourt , Matt McEwen , Anthony Megrant , Bernardo Meurer Costa , Xiao Mi , Kevin C. Miao , Masoud Mohseni , Shirin Montazeri , Alexis Morvan , Emily Mount , Wojciech Mruczkiewicz , Ofer Naaman , Matthew Neeley , Charles Neill , Ani Nersisyan , Hartmut Neven , Michael Newman , Jiun How Ng , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Thomas E. O'Brien , Alex Opremcak , John Platt , Andre Petukhov , Rebecca Potter , Leonid P. Pryadko , Chris Quintana , Pedram Roushan , Nicholas C. Rubin , Negar Saei , Daniel Sank , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Kevin J. Satzinger , Henry F. Schurkus , Christopher Schuster , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Vladimir Shvarts , Jindra Skruzny , Vadim Smelyanskiy , W. Clarke Smith , George Sterling , Doug Strain , Marco Szalay , Alfredo Torres , Guifre Vidal , Benjamin Villalonga , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Theodore White , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Juhwan Yoo , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu

Performing large calculations with a quantum computer will likely require a fault-tolerant architecture based on quantum error-correcting codes. The challenge is to design practical quantum error-correcting codes that perform well against…