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The generalization and learning speed of a multi-class neural network can often be significantly improved by using soft targets that are a weighted average of the hard targets and the uniform distribution over labels. Smoothing the labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Rafael Müller , Simon Kornblith , Geoffrey Hinton

It has been recently demonstrated that multi-generational self-distillation can improve generalization. Despite this intriguing observation, reasons for the enhancement remain poorly understood. In this paper, we first demonstrate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Zhilu Zhang , Mert R. Sabuncu

Training neural networks with one-hot target labels often results in overconfidence and overfitting. Label smoothing addresses this issue by perturbing the one-hot target labels by adding a uniform probability vector to create a regularized…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Sachin Chhabra , Hemanth Venkateswara , Baoxin Li

Generating confidence calibrated outputs is of utmost importance for the applications of deep neural networks in safety-critical decision-making systems. The output of a neural network is a probability distribution where the scores are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Chihuang Liu , Joseph JaJa

Overconfidence has been shown to impair generalization and calibration of a neural network. Previous studies remedy this issue by adding a regularization term to a loss function, preventing a model from making a peaked distribution. Label…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Dongkyu Lee , Ka Chun Cheung , Nevin L. Zhang

Label smoothing is an effective regularization tool for deep neural networks (DNNs), which generates soft labels by applying a weighted average between the uniform distribution and the hard label. It is often used to reduce the overfitting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Chang-Bin Zhang , Peng-Tao Jiang , Qibin Hou , Yunchao Wei , Qi Han , Zhen Li , Ming-Ming Cheng

Label smoothing is commonly used in training deep learning models, wherein one-hot training labels are mixed with uniform label vectors. Empirically, smoothing has been shown to improve both predictive performance and model calibration. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Michal Lukasik , Srinadh Bhojanapalli , Aditya Krishna Menon , Sanjiv Kumar

Label smoothing is a widely used technique in various domains, such as text classification, image classification and speech recognition, known for effectively combating model overfitting. However, there is little fine-grained analysis on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Yijie Gao , Shijing Si , Hua Luo , Haixia Sun , Yugui Zhang

Label smoothing (LS) is a popular regularisation method for training neural networks as it is effective in improving test accuracy and is simple to implement. ``Hard'' one-hot labels are ``smoothed'' by uniformly distributing probability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Guoxuan Xia , Olivier Laurent , Gianni Franchi , Christos-Savvas Bouganis

Despite the great success of state-of-the-art deep neural networks, several studies have reported models to be over-confident in predictions, indicating miscalibration. Label Smoothing has been proposed as a solution to the over-confidence…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Shuang Ao , Stefan Rueger , Advaith Siddharthan

Label smoothing is a widely studied regularization technique in machine learning. However, its potential for node classification in graph-structured data, spanning homophilic to heterophilic graphs, remains largely unexplored. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Jaeseung Heo , Moonjeong Park , Dongwoo Kim

Recent studies have revealed that, beyond conventional accuracy, calibration should also be considered for training modern deep neural networks. To address miscalibration during learning, some methods have explored different penalty…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Bingyuan Liu , Jérôme Rony , Adrian Galdran , Jose Dolz , Ismail Ben Ayed

Previous research has indicated that deep neural network based models for time series classification (TSC) tasks are prone to overfitting. This issue can be mitigated by employing strategies that prevent the model from becoming overly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Hengyi Ma , Weitong Chen

Label smoothing is a regularization technique for neural networks. Normally neural models are trained to an output distribution that is a vector with a single 1 for the correct prediction, and 0 for all other elements. Label smoothing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Sakib Haque , Aakash Bansal , Collin McMillan

Recently, a variety of regularization techniques have been widely applied in deep neural networks, such as dropout, batch normalization, data augmentation, and so on. These methods mainly focus on the regularization of weight parameters to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Qianggang Ding , Sifan Wu , Hao Sun , Jiadong Guo , Shu-Tao Xia

Deep learning models, especially convolutional neural networks, have achieved impressive results in medical image classification. However, these models often produce overconfident predictions, which can undermine their reliability in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Kushan Choudhury , Shubhrodeep Roy , Ankur Chanda , Shubhajit Biswas , Somenath Kuiry

Much of the focus in the area of knowledge distillation has been on distilling knowledge from a larger teacher network to a smaller student network. However, there has been little research on how the concept of distillation can be leveraged…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-29 Zhong Qiu Lin , Alexander Wong

Multiple Instance Learning is the predominant method for Whole Slide Image classification in digital pathology, enabling the use of slide-level labels to supervise model training. Although MIL eliminates the tedious fine-grained annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Chen Shu , Boyu Fu , Yiman Li , Ting Yin , Wenchuan Zhang , Jie Chen , Yuhao Yi , Hong Bu

Label Smoothing (LS) improves model generalization through penalizing models from generating overconfident output distributions. For each training sample the LS strategy smooths the one-hot encoded training signal by distributing its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Hongyu Guo

Machine learning algorithms are known to be susceptible to data poisoning attacks, where an adversary manipulates the training data to degrade performance of the resulting classifier. In this work, we present a unifying view of randomized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Elan Rosenfeld , Ezra Winston , Pradeep Ravikumar , J. Zico Kolter
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