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The real-time strategy game StarCraft has proven to be a challenging environment for artificial intelligence techniques, and as a result, current state-of-the-art solutions consist of numerous hand-crafted modules. In this paper, we show…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-13 Niels Justesen , Sebastian Risi

Real-time strategy games have been an important field of game artificial intelligence in recent years. This paper presents a reinforcement learning and curriculum transfer learning method to control multiple units in StarCraft…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-04 Kun Shao , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown strong reasoning and generalization capabilities, motivating their use as decision-making policies in complex environments. StarCraft II (SC2), with its massive state-action space and partial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yixin Zhang , Ziyi Wang , Yiming Rong , Haoxi Wang , Jinling Jiang , Shuang Xu , Haoran Wu , Shiyu Zhou , Bo Xu

Recurrent Neural Networks were, until recently, one of the best ways to capture the timely dependencies in sequences. However, with the introduction of the Transformer, it has been proven that an architecture with only attention-mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Radostin Cholakov , Todor Kolev

Macro-management is an important problem in StarCraft, which has been studied for a long time. Various datasets together with assorted methods have been proposed in the last few years. But these datasets have some defects for boosting the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Huikai Wu , Yanqi Zong , Junge Zhang , Kaiqi Huang

AlphaStar, the AI that reaches GrandMaster level in StarCraft II, is a remarkable milestone demonstrating what deep reinforcement learning can achieve in complex Real-Time Strategy (RTS) games. However, the complexities of the game,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Xiangjun Wang , Junxiao Song , Penghui Qi , Peng Peng , Zhenkun Tang , Wei Zhang , Weimin Li , Xiongjun Pi , Jujie He , Chao Gao , Haitao Long , Quan Yuan

Recently, multiple approaches for creating agents for playing various complex real-time computer games such as StarCraft II or Dota 2 were proposed, however, they either embed a significant amount of expert knowledge into the agent or use a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Michał Opanowicz

StarCraft II (SC2) poses a grand challenge for reinforcement learning (RL), of which the main difficulties include huge state space, varying action space, and a long time horizon. In this work, we investigate a set of RL techniques for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Ruo-Ze Liu , Zhen-Jia Pang , Zhou-Yu Meng , Wenhai Wang , Yang Yu , Tong Lu

The rapid progress seen in terms of large-scale generative AI is largely based on the attention mechanism. It is conversely non-trivial to conceive small-scale applications for which attention-based architectures outperform traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Claudius Gros

StarCraft II poses a grand challenge for reinforcement learning. The main difficulties of it include huge state and action space and a long-time horizon. In this paper, we investigate a hierarchical reinforcement learning approach for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Zhen-Jia Pang , Ruo-Ze Liu , Zhou-Yu Meng , Yi Zhang , Yang Yu , Tong Lu

Transformer networks have seen great success in natural language processing and machine vision, where task objectives such as next word prediction and image classification benefit from nuanced context sensitivity across high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Yuxuan Li , James L. McClelland

Transformer architectures, capable of capturing sequential dependencies in the history of user interactions, have become the dominant approach in sequential recommender systems. Despite their success, such models consider sequence elements…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Artur Gimranov , Viacheslav Yusupov , Elfat Sabitov , Tatyana Matveeva , Anton Lysenko , Ruslan Israfilov , Evgeny Frolov

Various works have aimed at combining the inference efficiency of recurrent models and training parallelism of multi-head attention for sequence modeling. However, most of these works focus on tasks with fixed-dimension observation spaces,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Bryce Ferenczi , Michael Burke , Tom Drummond

The StarCraft II Multi-Agent Challenge (SMAC) was created to be a challenging benchmark problem for cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). SMAC focuses exclusively on the problem of StarCraft micromanagement and assumes that…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Muhammad Junaid Khan , Syed Hammad Ahmed , Gita Sukthankar

Transformer-based models have transformed the landscape of natural language processing (NLP) and are increasingly applied to computer vision tasks with remarkable success. These models, renowned for their ability to capture long-range…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Gracile Astlin Pereira , Muhammad Hussain

Injecting human knowledge is an effective way to accelerate reinforcement learning (RL). However, these methods are underexplored. This paper presents our discovery that an abstract forward model (thought-game (TG)) combined with transfer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Ruo-Ze Liu , Haifeng Guo , Xiaozhong Ji , Yang Yu , Zhen-Jia Pang , Zitai Xiao , Yuzhou Wu , Tong Lu

Multi-agent reinforcement learning holds the key for solving complex tasks that demand the coordination of learning agents. However, strong coordination often leads to expensive exploration over the exponentially large state-action space. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Dung Nguyen , Phuoc Nguyen , Svetha Venkatesh , Truyen Tran

Deep reinforcement learning, and especially the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic algorithm, has been successfully used to achieve super-human performance in a variety of video games. Starcraft II is a new challenge for the reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-25 Basel Alghanem , Keerthana P G

We present a novel modular architecture for StarCraft II AI. The architecture splits responsibilities between multiple modules that each control one aspect of the game, such as build-order selection or tactics. A centralized scheduler…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-09 Dennis Lee , Haoran Tang , Jeffrey O Zhang , Huazhe Xu , Trevor Darrell , Pieter Abbeel

The tremendous potential has been demonstrated by large language models (LLMs) in intelligent decision-making problems, with unprecedented capabilities shown across diverse applications ranging from gaming AI systems to complex strategic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Zongyuan Li , Yanan Ni , Runnan Qi , Lumin Jiang , Chang Lu , Xiaojie Xu , Xiangbei Liu , Pengfei Li , Yunzheng Guo , Zhe Ma , Huanyu Li , Hui Wu , Xian Guo , Kuihua Huang , Xuebo Zhang
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