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With the introduction of the variational autoencoder (VAE), probabilistic latent variable models have received renewed attention as powerful generative models. However, their performance in terms of test likelihood and quality of generated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-13 Lars Maaløe , Marco Fraccaro , Valentin Liévin , Ole Winther

We introduce a robust framework for heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE) estimation tailored to high-dimensional low sample size (HDLSS) settings. By combining Graph Attention Networks (GAT) to capture structural dependencies among…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-16 Byeonghee Lee , Joonsung Kang

Continuous treatment effect estimation holds significant practical importance across various decision-making and assessment domains, such as healthcare and the military. However, current methods for estimating dose-response curves hinge on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Ruijing Cui , Jianbin Sun , Bingyu He , Kewei Yang , Bingfeng Ge

When trained effectively, the Variational Autoencoder (VAE) is both a powerful language model and an effective representation learning framework. In practice, however, VAEs are trained with the evidence lower bound (ELBO) as a surrogate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Bohan Li , Junxian He , Graham Neubig , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick , Yiming Yang

Real world datasets often contain entries with missing elements e.g. in a medical dataset, a patient is unlikely to have taken all possible diagnostic tests. Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) are popular generative models often used for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Mark Collier , Alfredo Nazabal , Christopher K. I. Williams

Estimating treatment effects, especially individualized treatment effects (ITE), using observational data is challenging due to the complex situations of confounding bias. Existing approaches for estimating treatment effects from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-26 Zheng Feng , Mattia Prosperi , Jiang Bian

Overlap, also known as positivity, is a key condition for causal treatment effect estimation. Many popular estimators suffer from high variance and become brittle when features differ strongly across treatment groups. This is especially…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-02 Oscar Clivio , Alexander D'Amour , Alexander Franks , David Bruns-Smith , Chris Holmes , Avi Feller

Imbalanced distribution learning is a common and significant challenge in predictive modeling, often reducing the performance of standard algorithms. Although various approaches address this issue, most are tailored to classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Samuel Stocksieker , Denys pommeret , Arthur Charpentier

Imbalanced classification remains a pervasive challenge in machine learning, particularly when minority samples are too scarce to provide a robust discriminative boundary. In such extreme scenarios, conventional models often suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Hongfei Wu , Ruijian Han , Yancheng Yuan

In causal inference about two treatments, Conditional Average Treatment Effects (CATEs) play an important role as a quantity representing an individualized causal effect, defined as a difference between the expected outcomes of the two…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-10-26 Masahiro Kato , Masaaki Imaizumi

There is intense interest in applying machine learning to problems of causal inference in fields such as healthcare, economics and education. In particular, individual-level causal inference has important applications such as precision…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-17 Uri Shalit , Fredrik D. Johansson , David Sontag

We study targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) of the average treatment effect in a semiparametric regression model whose mean function is indexed by a finite-dimensional parameter, while the additive error distribution is left…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-20 Mijeong Kim

The analysis of randomized controlled trials is often complicated by intercurrent events (IEs) -- events that occur after treatment initiation and affect either the interpretation or existence of outcome measurements. Examples include…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-07 Sizhu Lu , Yanyao Yi , Yongming Qu , Huayu Karen Liu , Ting Ye , Peng Ding

Within the field of causal inference, we consider the problem of estimating heterogeneous treatment effects from data. We propose and validate a novel approach for learning feature representations to aid the estimation of the conditional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-23 Michael C. Burkhart , Gabriel Ruiz

Variational autoencoder (VAE) has widely been utilized for modeling data distributions because it is theoretically elegant, easy to train, and has nice manifold representations. However, when applied to image reconstruction and synthesis…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Dooseop Choi , KyoungWook Min

Contrastive Analysis VAE (CA-VAEs) is a family of Variational auto-encoders (VAEs) that aims at separating the common factors of variation between a background dataset (BG) (i.e., healthy subjects) and a target dataset (TG) (i.e., patients)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Robin Louiset , Edouard Duchesnay , Antoine Grigis , Benoit Dufumier , Pietro Gori

While the beta-VAE family is aiming to find disentangled representations and acquire human-interpretable generative factors, like what an ICA (from the linear domain) does, we propose Full Encoder, a novel unified autoencoder framework as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Zhouzheng Li , Kun Feng

Conditional Average Treatment Effects (CATE) estimation is one of the main challenges in causal inference with observational data. In addition to Machine Learning based-models, nonparametric estimators called meta-learners have been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-06 Naoufal Acharki , Ramiro Lugo , Antoine Bertoncello , Josselin Garnier

Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are deep probabilistic models that are used in scientific applications. Many works try to mitigate this problem from the probabilistic methods perspective by new inference techniques or training procedures.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-24 Tim Z. Xiao , Johannes Zenn , Robert Bamler

Estimating individual level treatment effects (ITE) from observational data is a challenging and important area in causal machine learning and is commonly considered in diverse mission-critical applications. In this paper, we propose an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Sungyub Kim , Yongsu Baek , Sung Ju Hwang , Eunho Yang