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In online advertising, display ads are increasingly being placed based on real-time auctions where the advertiser who wins gets to serve the ad. This is called real-time bidding (RTB). In RTB, auctions have very tight time constraints on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-05-14 Bjarne Ørum Fruergaard , Toke Jansen Hansen , Lars Kai Hansen

Real time bidding (RTB) enables demand side platforms (bidders) to scale ad campaigns across multiple publishers affiliated to an RTB ad exchange. While driving multiple campaigns for mobile app install ads via RTB, the bidder typically has…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Anit Kumar Sahu , Shaunak Mishra , Narayan Bhamidipati

Traditional auction theory posits that bid value exhibits a positive correlation with the probability of securing the auctioned object in ascending auctions. However, under uncertainty and incomplete information, as is characteristic in…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-12-19 Dipankar Das

In display ad auctions of Real-Time Bid-ding (RTB), a typical Demand-Side Platform (DSP)bids based on the predicted probability of click and conversion right after an ad impression. Recent studies find such a strategy is suboptimal and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Daisuke Moriwaki , Yuta Hayakawa , Akira Matsui , Yuta Saito , Isshu Munemasa , Masashi Shibata

In this work, we investigate the online learning problem of revenue maximization in ad auctions, where the seller needs to learn the click-through rates (CTRs) of each ad candidate and charge the price of the winner through a pay-per-click…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Zhe Feng , Christopher Liaw , Zixin Zhou

Auction-based recommender systems are prevalent in online advertising platforms, but they are typically optimized to allocate recommendation slots based on immediate expected return metrics, neglecting the downstream effects of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ruiyang Xu , Jalaj Bhandari , Dmytro Korenkevych , Fan Liu , Yuchen He , Alex Nikulkov , Zheqing Zhu

We study and formulate arbitrage in display advertising. Real-Time Bidding (RTB) mimics stock spot exchanges and utilises computers to algorithmically buy display ads per impression via a real-time auction. Despite the new automation, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-15 Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang

We study reserve price optimization in multi-phase second price auctions, where the seller's prior actions affect the bidders' later valuations through a Markov Decision Process (MDP). Compared to the bandit setting in existing works, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Rui Ai , Boxiang Lyu , Zhaoran Wang , Zhuoran Yang , Michael I. Jordan

Execution algorithms are vital to modern trading, they enable market participants to execute large orders while minimising market impact and transaction costs. As these algorithms grow more sophisticated, optimising them becomes…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-28 Ollie Olby , Andreea Bacalum , Rory Baggott , Namid Stillman

The online advertising market, with its thousands of auctions run per second, presents a daunting challenge for advertisers who wish to optimize their spend under a budget constraint. Thus, advertising platforms typically provide automated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Dmytro Korenkevych , Frank Cheng , Artsiom Balakir , Alex Nikulkov , Lingnan Gao , Zhihao Cen , Zuobing Xu , Zheqing Zhu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful machine learning technique that enables an intelligent agent to learn an optimal policy that maximizes the cumulative rewards in sequential decision making. Most of methods in the existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-06 Chengchun Shi , Zhengling Qi , Jianing Wang , Fan Zhou

In recent years, RTB(Real Time Bidding) becomes a popular online advertisement trading method. During the auction, each DSP(Demand Side Platform) is supposed to evaluate current opportunity and respond with an ad and corresponding bid…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-12-29 Huahui Liu , Mingrui Zhu , Xiaonan Meng , Yi Hu , Hao Wang

In the Real-Time Bidding (RTB), advertisers are increasingly relying on bid optimization to gain more conversions (i.e trade or arrival). Currently, the efficiency of bid optimization is still challenged by the (1) sparse feedback, (2) the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Xiao Wang , Shaoguo Liu , Yidong Jia , Yuxin Fu , Yufang Yu , Liang Wang , Bo Zheng

This paper explores multiple optimization methods to improve the performance of rating-based reinforcement learning (RbRL). RbRL, a method based on the idea of human ratings, has been developed to infer reward functions in reward-free…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Evelyn Rose , Devin White , Mingkang Wu , Vernon Lawhern , Nicholas R. Waytowich , Yongcan Cao

Auto-bidding systems are widely used in advertising to automatically determine bid values under constraints such as total budget and Return-on-Spend (RoS) targets. Existing works often assume that the value of an ad impression, such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiale Han , Chun Gan , Chengcheng Zhang , Jie He , Zhangang Lin , Ching Law , Xiaowu Dai

Unfair pricing policies have been shown to be one of the most negative perceptions customers can have concerning pricing, and may result in long-term losses for a company. Despite the fact that dynamic pricing models help companies maximize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Roberto Maestre , Juan Duque , Alberto Rubio , Juan Arévalo

In this paper, we consider the problem of optimizing the revenue a web publisher gets through real-time bidding (i.e. from ads sold in real-time auctions) and direct (i.e. from ads sold through contracts agreed in advance). We consider a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Grégoire Jauvion , Nicolas Grislain

In e-commerce platforms such as Amazon and TaoBao, ranking items in a search session is a typical multi-step decision-making problem. Learning to rank (LTR) methods have been widely applied to ranking problems. However, such methods often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Yujing Hu , Qing Da , Anxiang Zeng , Yang Yu , Yinghui Xu

Online display advertising is growing rapidly in recent years thanks to the automation of the ad buying process. Real-time bidding (RTB) allows the automated trading of ad impressions between advertisers and publishers through real-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Yang Qiu , Nikolaos Tziortziotis , Martial Hue , Michalis Vazirgiannis

Transmission expansion planning in electricity markets is tightly coupled with the strategic bidding behaviors of generation companies. This paper proposes a Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based co-optimization framework that simultaneously…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-24 Tomonari Kanazawa , Hikaru Hoshino , Eiko Furutani