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We study the repeated balls-into-bins process introduced by Becchetti, Clementi, Natale, Pasquale and Posta (2019). This process starts with $m$ balls arbitrarily distributed across $n$ bins. At each round $t=1,2,\ldots$, one ball is…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Dimitrios Los , Thomas Sauerwald

We consider the allocation of $m$ balls (jobs) into $n$ bins (servers). In the standard Two-Choice process, at each step $t=1,2,\ldots,m$ we first sample two bins uniformly at random and place a ball in the least loaded bin. It is…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Dimitrios Los , Thomas Sauerwald , John Sylvester

In balanced allocations, the goal is to place $m$ balls into $n$ bins, so as to minimize the gap (difference of max to average load). The One-Choice process places each ball to a bin sampled independently and uniformly at random. The…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Dimitrios Los , Thomas Sauerwald

A fundamental problem in distributed computing is the distribution of requests to a set of uniform servers without a centralized controller. Classically, such problems are modeled as static balls into bins processes, where $m$ balls (tasks)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-03-08 Petra Berenbrink , Tom Friedetzky , Peter Kling , Frederik Mallmann-Trenn , Lars Nagel , Chris Wastell

We estimate the size of a most loaded bin in the setting when the balls are placed into the bins using a random linear function in a finite field. The balls are chosen from a transformed interval. We show that in this setting the expected…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-01-05 Martin Babka

In dynamic load balancing, we wish to distribute balls into bins in an environment where both balls and bins can be added and removed. We want to minimize the maximum load of any bin but we also want to minimize the number of balls and bins…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Anders Aamand , Jakob Bæk Tejs Knudsen , Mikkel Thorup

The graphical balls-into-bins process is a generalization of the classical 2-choice balls-into-bins process, where the bins correspond to vertices of an arbitrary underlying graph $G$. At each time step an edge of $G$ is chosen uniformly at…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Nikhil Bansal , Ohad Feldheim

We explore the fundamental limits of distributed balls-into-bins algorithms. We present an adaptive symmetric algorithm that achieves a bin load of two in log* n+O(1) communication rounds using O(n) messages in total. Larger bin loads can…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2011-03-01 Christoph Lenzen , Roger Wattenhofer

Consider an infinite sequence of independent, uniformly chosen points from $[0,1]^d$. After looking at each point in the sequence, an overseer is allowed to either keep it or reject it, and this choice may depend on the locations of all…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-09-05 Raaz Dwivedi , Ohad N. Feldheim , Ori Gurel-Gurevich , Aaditya Ramdas

We revisit the random allocation model in which $n$ balls are independently placed into $N$ boxes with probabilities $q_1,\ldots,q_N$. A classical asymptotic result due to Kolchin, Sevastyanov, and Chistyakov for the expectations,…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Serik Sagitov

Allocation of balls into bins is a well studied abstraction for load balancing problems.The literature hosts numerous results for sequential(single dimensional) allocation case when m balls are thrown into n bins. In this paper we study the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-11-30 Ankur Narang , Sourav Dutta , Souvik Bhattacherjee

We propose a natural process for allocating n balls into n bins that are organized as the vertices of an undirected graph G. Each ball first chooses a vertex u in G uniformly at random. Then the ball performs a local search in G starting…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-07-10 Paul Bogdan , Thomas Sauerwald , Alexandre Stauffer , He Sun

We find the asymptotic total variation distance between two distributions on configurations of m balls in n labeled bins: in the first, each ball is placed in a bin uniformly at random; in the second, k balls are planted in an arbitrary but…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-05-16 William Perkins

Suppose that we are to place $m$ balls into $n$ bins sequentially using the $d$-choice paradigm: For each ball we are given a choice of $d$ bins, according to $d$ hash functions $h_1,\dots,h_d$ and we place the ball in the least loaded of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-04-26 Anders Aamand , Mathias Bæk Tejs Knudsen , Mikkel Thorup

Suppose we sequentially put $n$ balls into $n$ bins. If we put each ball into a random bin then the heaviest bin will contain ${\sim}\log n/\log\log n$ balls with high probability. However, Azar, Broder, Karlin and Upfal [SIAM J. Comput. 29…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-09-13 Itai Benjamini , Yury Makarychev

We provide a relatively simple proof that the expected gap between the maximum load and the average load in the two choice process is bounded by $(1+o(1))\log \log n$, irrespective of the number of balls thrown. The theorem was first proven…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-10-22 Kunal Talwar , Udi Wieder

The power of two choices is a classic paradigm for load balancing when assigning $m$ balls to $n$ bins. When placing a ball, we pick two bins according to two hash functions $h_0$ and $h_1$, and place the ball in the least loaded bin.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-01-26 Søren Dahlgaard , Mathias Bæk Tejs Knudsen , Eva Rotenberg , Mikkel Thorup

We explore a novel theoretical model for studying the performance of distributed storage management systems where the data-centers have limited capacities (as compared to storage space requested by the users). Prior schemes such as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-06-19 Ankur Sahai

Effective load balancing lies at the heart of many applications in operations. Frequently tackled via the balls-into-bins paradigm, seminal results established the power of two choices in load balancing: a limited amount of costly…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-12 Daniel Freund , Chamsi Hssaine , Jiayu Kamessi Zhao

Load balancing is a well-studied problem, with balls-in-bins being the primary framework. The greedy algorithm $\mathsf{Greedy}[d]$ of Azar et al. places each ball by probing $d > 1$ random bins and placing the ball in the least loaded of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-01-24 John Augustine , William K. Moses , Amanda Redlich , Eli Upfal