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Private space companies are increasingly commercializing near-earth space. Some estimates show that more than 100,000 satellites may orbit the Earth by 2030. This increase in the number of satellites has many consequences for science,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-08-09 Sai Charan Petchetti

Space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) help enhance the service performance in the sixth generation communication system. SAGIN is basically composed of satellites, aerial vehicles, ground facilities, as well as multiple terrestrial…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Ziye Jia , Chao Dong , Kun Guo , Qihui Wu

From 5G onwards, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) have emerged as a key component of future network architectures. Leveraging Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, NTNs are capable of building a space Internet and present a…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Feng Wang , Shengyu Zhang , Huiting Yang , Tony Q. S. Quek

The landscape of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) is expanding with the emergence of low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations such as Pulsar, which are expected to play a key role in the future of positioning, navigation, and timing…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-08 Jérôme Leclère , Thyagaraja Marathe , Tyler G. R. Reid

In this paper, we investigate an important research problem facing the upcoming satellite Internet: from a network perspective, how many satellites exactly do we need to construct a survivable and performant LSN? To answer this question, we…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zeqi Lai , Yibo Wang , Hewu Li , Qian Wu , Qi Zhang , Yunan Hou , Jun Liu , Yuanjie Li

Space communications, particularly massive satellite networks, re-emerged as an appealing candidate for next generation networks due to major advances in space launching, electronics, processing power, and miniaturization. However, massive…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Bassel Al Homssi , Kosta Dakic , Ke Wang , Tansu Alpcan , Ben Allen , Russell Boyce , Sithamparanathan Kandeepan , Akram Al-Hourani , Walid Saad

The growth of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) broadband satellite megaconstellations is rapidly increasing the number of rocket launches. While improving broadband Internet helps achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there are also…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-15 Ogutu B. Osoro , Edward J. Oughton , Andrew R. Wilson , Akhil Rao

Federated learning (FL) has recently emerged as a distributed machine learning paradigm for systems with limited and intermittent connectivity. This paper presents the new context brought to FL by satellite constellations, where the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Bho Matthiesen , Nasrin Razmi , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Armin Dekorsy , Petar Popovski

In recent years, Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) mega-constellations have emerged as a promising network technology and have ushered in a new era for democratizing Internet access. The Starlink network from SpaceX stands out as the only…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Nitinder Mohan , Andrew Ferguson , Hendrik Cech , Prakita Rayyan Renatin , Rohan Bose , Mahesh Marina , Jörg Ott

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites undergo a period of rapid development driven by ever-increasing user demands, reduced costs, and technological progress. Since there is a paucity of literature on the security and reliability issues of LEO…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-20 Pingyue Yue , Jianping An , Jiankang Zhang , Jia Ye , Gaofeng Pan , Shuai Wang , Pei Xiao , Lajos Hanzo

This document surveys recent and current developments in LEO satellite networking. It presents a brief overview of satellite networking in order to contextualize the issue. It then focuses on current research work in emerging domains, such…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Cedric Westphal , Lin Han , Richard Li

Satellites in Geostationary Orbit (GEO) provide a number of commercial, government, and military services around the world, offering everything from surveillance and monitoring to video calls and internet access. However a dramatic lowering…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Frederick Rawlins , Richard Baker , Ivan Martinovic

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks connect millions of devices on Earth and offer various services, such as data communications, remote sensing, and data harvesting. As the number of services increases, LEO satellite networks will…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Chang-Sik Choi

The rapid advancement of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems has significantly enhanced global connectivity, offering high-capacity, low-latency services crucial for next-generation applications. However, the dense…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Qianqian Zhang , Ye Hu , Minchae Jung

Large low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks such as SpaceX's Starlink constellation promise to deliver low-latency, high-bandwidth Internet access with global coverage. As an alternative to terrestrial fiber as a global Internet…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Tobias Pfandzelter , David Bermbach

The rapid proliferation of satellite constellations, particularly in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), has fundamentally altered the global space infrastructure, shifting the risk landscape from purely kinetic collisions to complex cyber-physical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Mark Ballard , Guanqun Song , Ting Zhu

The new space race is heating up as private companies such as SpaceX and Amazon are building large satellite constellations in low-earth orbit (LEO) to provide global broadband internet access. As the number of subscribers connected to this…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Tobias Pfandzelter , Jonathan Hasenburg , David Bermbach

Once deemed a far-fetched vision, emerging deployments of massive satellite constellations will soon offer true global coverage. When these constellations overlay the evolving terrestrial networks, a new hybrid continuum is formed which has…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Bassel Al Homssi , Akram Al-Hourani

The use of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites in the next generation (Next-G) communication systems has been gaining traction over the last few years due to their potential for providing global connectivity with low latency. Since they are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Sambrama , Venkata Srirama Rohit Kantheti , Liang C Chu , Erik Blasch , Shih-Chun Lin

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation-enabled communication networks are expected to be an important part of many Internet of Things (IoT) deployments due to their unique advantage of providing seamless global coverage. In this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Keke Ying , Zhen Gao , Sheng Chen , Mingyu Zhou , Dezhi Zheng , Symeon Chatzinotas , Björn Ottersten , H. Vincent Poor