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Backpropagation, the cornerstone of deep learning, is limited to computing gradients for continuous variables. This limitation poses challenges for problems involving discrete latent variables. To address this issue, we propose a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Liyuan Liu , Chengyu Dong , Xiaodong Liu , Bin Yu , Jianfeng Gao

Machine learning models involving discrete latent variables require gradient estimators to facilitate backpropagation in a computationally efficient manner. The most recent addition to the Straight-Through family of estimators, ReinMax, can…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-10 Daniel Wang , Thang D. Bui

Several problems in statistics involve the combination of high-variance unbiased estimators with low-variance estimators that are only unbiased under strong assumptions. A notable example is the estimation of causal effects while combining…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-25 Michael Oberst , Alexander D'Amour , Minmin Chen , Yuyan Wang , David Sontag , Steve Yadlowsky

First-order optimization methods tend to inherently favor certain solutions over others when minimizing an underdetermined training objective that has multiple global optima. This phenomenon, known as implicit bias, plays a critical role in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Guanghui Wang , Zihao Hu , Claudio Gentile , Vidya Muthukumar , Jacob Abernethy

Variance reduction is a family of powerful mechanisms for stochastic optimization that appears to be helpful in many machine learning tasks. It is based on estimating the exact gradient with some recursive sequences. Previously, many papers…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-07 Aleksandr Shestakov , Valery Parfenov , Aleksandr Beznosikov

How can we perform efficient inference and learning in directed probabilistic models, in the presence of continuous latent variables with intractable posterior distributions, and large datasets? We introduce a stochastic variational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-13 Diederik P Kingma , Max Welling

This study evaluates fine-tuning strategies for text classification using the DistilBERT model, specifically the distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-sst-2-english variant. Through structured experiments, we examine the influence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Giuliano Lorenzoni , Ivens Portugal , Paulo Alencar , Donald Cowan

Accurately estimating uncertainties in neural network predictions is of great importance in building trusted DNNs-based models, and there is an increasing interest in providing accurate uncertainty estimation on many tasks, such as security…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Yukun Ding , Jinglan Liu , Jinjun Xiong , Yiyu Shi

Algorithmic stability is a central concept in statistics and learning theory that measures how sensitive an algorithm's output is to small changes in the training data. Stability plays a crucial role in understanding generalization,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Abhinav Chakraborty , Yuetian Luo , Rina Foygel Barber

Over the past few years, several adversarial training methods have been proposed to improve the robustness of machine learning models against adversarial perturbations in the input. Despite remarkable progress in this regard, adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Adel Javanmard , Mohammad Mehrabi

Time-varying stochastic optimization problems frequently arise in machine learning practice (e.g. gradual domain shift, object tracking, strategic classification). Although most problems are solved in discrete time, the underlying process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Subha Maity , Debarghya Mukherjee , Moulinath Banerjee , Yuekai Sun

Learning algorithms need bias to generalize and perform better than random guessing. We examine the flexibility (expressivity) of biased algorithms. An expressive algorithm can adapt to changing training data, altering its outcome based on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-13 Julius Lauw , Dominique Macias , Akshay Trikha , Julia Vendemiatti , George D. Montanez

Bias in machine learning has rightly received significant attention over the last decade. However, most fair machine learning (fair-ML) work to address bias in decision-making systems has focused solely on the offline setting. Despite the…

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD), which dates back to the 1950s, is one of the most popular and effective approaches for performing stochastic optimization. Research on SGD resurged recently in machine learning for optimizing convex loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Jie Chen , Ronny Luss

Measuring geometric similarity between high-dimensional network representations is a topic of longstanding interest to neuroscience and deep learning. Although many methods have been proposed, only a few works have rigorously analyzed their…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-12 Dean A. Pospisil , Brett W. Larsen , Sarah E. Harvey , Alex H. Williams

Gradient-based methods for optimisation of objectives in stochastic settings with unknown or intractable dynamics require estimators of derivatives. We derive an objective that, under automatic differentiation, produces low-variance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Gregory Farquhar , Shimon Whiteson , Jakob Foerster

Uncertainty quantification for deep learning is a challenging open problem. Bayesian statistics offer a mathematically grounded framework to reason about uncertainties; however, approximate posteriors for modern neural networks still…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-23 Nicolas Brosse , Carlos Riquelme , Alice Martin , Sylvain Gelly , Éric Moulines

In machine learning fairness, training models that minimize disparity across different sensitive groups often leads to diminished accuracy, a phenomenon known as the fairness-accuracy trade-off. The severity of this trade-off inherently…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-12 Muhammad Faaiz Taufiq , Jean-Francois Ton , Yang Liu

Reinforcement learning methods for robotics are increasingly successful due to the constant development of better policy gradient techniques. A precise (low variance) and accurate (low bias) gradient estimator is crucial to face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-21 João Carvalho , Davide Tateo , Fabio Muratore , Jan Peters

Recent years have seen an increased level of interest in pricing equity options under a stochastic volatility model such as the Heston model. Often, simulating a Heston model is difficult, as a standard finite difference scheme may lead to…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2011-11-28 Ian Iscoe , Asif Lakhany