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The Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) is a cornerstone statistic for nonparametric two-sample testing, but its test power is dictated entirely by the chosen kernel. Because any fixed kernel inherently fails to distinguish certain…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-11 Yijin Ni , Xiaoming Huo

We consider the problem of two-sample testing in a semi-supervised setting with abundant unlabeled covariate data. Standard two-sample tests neglect covariate information, which has the potential to significantly boost performance. However,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-05 Gyumin Lee , Shubhanshu Shekhar , Ilmun Kim

We propose a class of nonparametric two-sample tests with a cost linear in the sample size. Two tests are given, both based on an ensemble of distances between analytic functions representing each of the distributions. The first test uses…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-06-16 Kacper Chwialkowski , Aaditya Ramdas , Dino Sejdinovic , Arthur Gretton

This paper proposes a novel test method for high-dimensional mean testing regard for the temporal dependent data. Comparison to existing methods, we establish the asymptotic normality of the test statistic without relying on restrictive…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-01 Yuchen Hu , Xiaoyi Wang , Long Feng

Kernel two-sample testing provides a powerful framework for distinguishing any pair of distributions based on $n$ sample points. However, existing kernel tests either run in $n^2$ time or sacrifice undue power to improve runtime. To address…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-31 Carles Domingo-Enrich , Raaz Dwivedi , Lester Mackey

In many real-world applications, it is common that a proportion of the data may be missing or only partially observed. We develop a novel two-sample testing method based on the Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) which accounts for missing data…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-27 Yijin Zeng , Niall M. Adams , Dean A. Bodenham

In kernel methods, the median heuristic has been widely used as a way of setting the bandwidth of RBF kernels. While its empirical performances make it a safe choice under many circumstances, there is little theoretical understanding of why…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-10-31 Damien Garreau , Wittawat Jitkrittum , Motonobu Kanagawa

Power-enhanced tests with high-dimensional data have received growing attention in theoretical and applied statistics in recent years. Existing tests possess their respective high-power regions, and we may lack prior knowledge about the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-01 Xiufan Yu , Danning Li , Lingzhou Xue , Runze Li

Several statistical approaches based on reproducing kernels have been proposed to detect abrupt changes arising in the full distribution of the observations and not only in the mean or variance. Some of these approaches enjoy good…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-13 Alain Celisse , Guillemette Marot , Morgane Pierre-Jean , Guillem Rigaill

We propose novel kernel-based tests for assessing the equivalence between distributions. Traditional goodness-of-fit testing is inappropriate for concluding the absence of distributional differences, because failure to reject the null…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-17 Xing Liu , Axel Gandy

Distance-based tests, also called "energy statistics", are leading methods for two-sample and independence tests from the statistics community. Kernel-based tests, developed from "kernel mean embeddings", are leading methods for two-sample…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-27 Cencheng Shen , Joshua T. Vogelstein

Detecting the emergence of abrupt property changes in time series is a challenging problem. Kernel two-sample test has been studied for this task which makes fewer assumptions on the distributions than traditional parametric approaches.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-21 Wei-Cheng Chang , Chun-Liang Li , Yiming Yang , Barnabás Póczos

Do two data samples come from different distributions? Recent studies of this fundamental problem focused on embedding probability distributions into sufficiently rich characteristic Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces (RKHSs), to compare…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-05-03 Somayeh Danafar , Paola M. V. Rancoita , Tobias Glasmachers , Kevin Whittingstall , Juergen Schmidhuber

In this paper, we propose a new test for testing the equality of two population covariance matrices in the ultra-high dimensional setting that the dimension is much larger than the sizes of both of the two samples. Our proposed methodology…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-19 Xiucai Ding , Yichen Hu , Zhenggang Wang

Over the last decade, an approach that has gained a lot of popularity to tackle nonparametric testing problems on general (i.e., non-Euclidean) domains is based on the notion of reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) embedding of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-05-03 Omar Hagrass , Bharath K. Sriperumbudur , Bing Li

Testing the equality of two conditional distributions is crucial in various modern applications, including transfer learning and causal inference. Despite its importance, this fundamental problem has received surprisingly little attention…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-04 Jian Yan , Zhuoxi Li , Xianyang Zhang

Are two sets of observations drawn from the same distribution? This problem is a two-sample test. Kernel methods lead to many appealing properties. Indeed state-of-the-art approaches use the $L^2$ distance between kernel-based distribution…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-02 M. Scetbon , G. Varoquaux

We consider the hypothesis testing problem of detecting a shift between the means of two multivariate normal distributions in the high-dimensional setting, allowing for the data dimension p to exceed the sample size n. Specifically, we…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-09-15 Miles E. Lopes , Laurent J. Jacob , Martin J. Wainwright

We propose a two-sample test for the means of high-dimensional data when the data dimension is much larger than the sample size. Hotelling's classical $T^2$ test does not work for this "large $p$, small $n$" situation. The proposed test…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2010-02-25 Song Xi Chen , Ying-Li Qin

In this paper, we study the problem of testing the mean vectors of high dimensional data in both one-sample and two-sample cases. The proposed testing procedures employ maximum-type statistics and the parametric bootstrap techniques to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-01-23 Jinyuan Chang , Chao Zheng , Wen-Xin Zhou , Wen Zhou