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Misuses of t-SNE and UMAP in visual analytics have become increasingly common. For example, although t-SNE and UMAP projections often do not faithfully reflect the original distances between clusters, practitioners frequently use them to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Hyeon Jeon , Jeongin Park , Sungbok Shin , Jinwook Seo

Dimensionality reduction is a common method for analyzing and visualizing high-dimensional data. However, reasoning dynamically about the results of a dimensionality reduction is difficult. Dimensionality-reduction algorithms use complex…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Marco Cavallo , Çağatay Demiralp

Linear dimensionality reduction methods are a cornerstone of analyzing high dimensional data, due to their simple geometric interpretations and typically attractive computational properties. These methods capture many data features of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-03-22 John P. Cunningham , Zoubin Ghahramani

Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE and UMAP are popular methods for visualizing data with a potential (latent) clustered structure. They are known to group data points at the same time as they embed them, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Elizabeth Coda , Ery Arias-Castro , Gal Mishne

Most learning approaches treat dimensionality reduction (DR) and clustering separately (i.e., sequentially), but recent research has shown that optimizing the two tasks jointly can substantially improve the performance of both. The premise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-15 Bo Yang , Xiao Fu , Nicholas D. Sidiropoulos , Mingyi Hong

Non-linear dimensionality reduction can be performed by \textit{manifold learning} approaches, such as Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (SNE), Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) and Isometric Feature Mapping (ISOMAP). These methods aim to produce…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-09 Theodoulos Rodosthenous , Vahid Shahrezaei , Marina Evangelou

A hierarchical scheme for clustering data is presented which applies to spaces with a high number of dimension ($N_{_{D}}>3$). The data set is first reduced to a smaller set of partitions (multi-dimensional bins). Multiple clustering…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2017-10-16 Kevin McIlhany , Stephen Wiggins

Dimensionality reduction (DR) on the manifold includes effective methods which project the data from an implicit relational space onto a vectorial space. Regardless of the achievements in this area, these algorithms suffer from the lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Babak Hosseini , Barbara Hammer

Dimensional reduction~(DR) maps high-dimensional data into a lower dimensions latent space with minimized defined optimization objectives. The DR method usually falls into feature selection~(FS) and feature projection~(FP). FS focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Zelin Zang , Yongjie Xu , Linyan Lu , Yulan Geng , Senqiao Yang , Stan Z. Li

Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE are designed to preserve local neighborhood structure but do not explicitly account for how probability mass is distributed, often leading to distortions of data density. We reformulate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Maksim Kazanskii

Dimensionality reduction is the essence of many data processing problems, including filtering, data compression, reduced-order modeling and pattern analysis. While traditionally tackled using linear tools in the fluid dynamics community,…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-02-01 Miguel A. Mendez

Ensemble learning has had many successes in supervised learning, but it has been rare in unsupervised learning and dimensionality reduction. This study explores dimensionality reduction ensembles, using principal component analysis and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-13 Colleen M. Farrelly

Most density-based clustering methods largely rely on how well the underlying density is estimated. However, density estimation itself is also a challenging problem, especially the determination of the kernel bandwidth. A large bandwidth…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-12-08 Teng Qiu , Yongjie Li

Dimensionality Reduction (DR) methods are widely used to visualize high-dimensional data. One key task in DR-based analysis is discovering neighborhoods, which relies on analyzing the fine-grained local structure of a projection. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Diede P. M. van der Hoorn , Alessio Arleo , Fernando V. Paulovich

This paper gives a review and synthesis of methods of evaluating dimensionality reduction techniques. Particular attention is paid to rank-order neighborhood evaluation metrics. A framework is created for exploring dimensionality reduction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-25 Stephen L. France , Ulas Akkucuk

Deep Metric Learning (DML) methods have been proven relevant for visual similarity learning. However, they sometimes lack generalization properties because they are trained often using an inappropriate sample selection strategy or due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Jorge Gonzalez-Zapata , Ivan Reyes-Amezcua , Daniel Flores-Araiza , Mauricio Mendez-Ruiz , Gilberto Ochoa-Ruiz , Andres Mendez-Vazquez

When performing classification tasks, raw high dimensional features often contain redundant information, and lead to increased computational complexity and overfitting. In this paper, we assume the data samples lie on a single underlying…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-11 Bowen Jiang , Maohao Shen

Parallel coordinates are a popular technique to visualize multi-dimensional data. However, they face a significant problem influencing the perception and interpretation of patterns. The distance between two parallel lines differs based on…

Graphics · Computer Science 2020-04-24 David Pomerenke , Frederik L. Dennig , Daniel A. Keim , Johannes Fuchs , Michael Blumenschein

Real-world data usually have high dimensionality and it is important to mitigate the curse of dimensionality. High-dimensional data are usually in a coherent structure and make the data in relatively small true degrees of freedom. There are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Xiang Wang , Xiaoyong Li , Junxing Zhu , Zichen Xu , Kaijun Ren , Weiming Zhang , Xinwang Liu , Kui Yu

Dimensionality reduction techniques play an essential role in data analytics, signal processing and machine learning. Dimensionality reduction is usually performed in a preprocessing stage that is separate from subsequent data analysis,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-12-21 Bo Yang , Xiao Fu , Nicholas D. Sidiropoulos