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With the advancement of quantum computing, symmetric cryptography faces new challenges from quantum attacks. These attacks are typically classified into two models: Q1 (classical queries) and Q2 (quantum superposition queries). In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-04 Yan-Ying Zhu , Bin-Bin Cai , Fei Gao , Song Lin

In symmetric cryptanalysis, the model of superposition queries has led to surprising results, with many constructions being broken in polynomial time thanks to Simon's period-finding algorithm. But the practical implications of these…

We study the amplification of security against quantum attacks provided by iteration of block ciphers. In the classical case, the Meet-in-the-middle attack is a generic attack against those constructions. This attack reduces the time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-28 Marc Kaplan

Key-length extension (KLE) techniques provide a general approach to enhancing the security of block ciphers by using longer keys. There are mainly two classes of KLE techniques, cascade encryption and XOR-cascade encryption. This paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Min Liang , Ruihao Gao , Jiali Wu

The development of large quantum computers will have dire consequences for cryptography. Most of the symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to quantum algorithms. Grover's search algorithm gives a square root time…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Ritik Bavdekar , Eashan Jayant Chopde , Ashutosh Bhatia , Kamlesh Tiwari , Sandeep Joshua Daniel , Atul

Quantum cryptanalysis is essential for evaluating the security of cryptographic systems against the threat of quantum computing. Recently, Shi {\it et al.} introduced a dedicated quantum attack on block cipher constructions based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Xiao-Fan Zhen , Zhen-Qiang Li , Jia-Cheng Fan , Su-Juan Qin , Fei Gao

For any symmetric key cryptosystem with $n$-bit secret key, the key can be recovered in $O(2^{n/2})$ exploiting Grover search algorithm, resulting in the effective key length to be half. In this direction, subsequent work has been done on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-17 Ravi Anand , Arpita Maitra , Sourav Mukhopadhyay

Quantum computers, that may become available one day, would impact many scientific fields, most notably cryptography since many asymmetric primitives are insecure against an adversary with quantum capabilities. Cryptographers are already…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-08 Marc Kaplan , Gaëtan Leurent , Anthony Leverrier , María Naya-Plasencia

Due to Shor's algorithm, quantum computers are a severe threat for public key cryptography. This motivated the cryptographic community to search for quantum-safe solutions. On the other hand, the impact of quantum computing on secret key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Marc Kaplan , Gaëtan Leurent , Anthony Leverrier , María Naya-Plasencia

Quantum algorithms have demonstrated promising speed-ups over classical algorithms in the context of computational learning theory - despite the presence of noise. In this work, we give an overview of recent quantum speed-ups, revisit the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-19 Alexander Poremba

Should quantum computers become available, they will reduce the effective key length of basic secret-key primitives, such as blockciphers. To address this we will either need to use blockciphers which inherently have longer keys or use…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-26 Joseph Jaeger , Fang Song , Stefano Tessaro

Post-Quantum Cryptography PQC attempts to find cryptographic protocols resistant to attacks using Shors polynomial time algorithm for numerical field problems or Grovers algorithm to find the unique input to a black-box function that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Pedro Hecht

We study the quantum security of key-alternating ciphers (KAC), a natural multi-round generalization of the Even--Mansour construction. KAC abstracts the round structure of practical block ciphers as public permutations interleaved with key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-13 Chen Bai , Mehdi Esmaili , Atul Mantri

In this paper, security analysis of block ciphers with key length greater than block length is proposed. When key length is significantly greater than block length and the statistical distribution of cipher system is like a uniform…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-05-21 Maghsood Parviz , Seyed Hassan Mousavi , Saeed Mirahmadi

Shor's quantum factoring algorithm and a few other efficient quantum algorithms break many classical crypto-systems. In response, people proposed post-quantum cryptography based on computational problems that are believed hard even for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-09 Fang Song

The Even-Mansour (EM) cipher is one of the famous constructions for a block cipher. Kuwakado and Morii demonstrated that a quantum adversary can recover its $n$-bit secret keys only with $O(n)$ nonadaptive quantum queries. While the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-22 Akinori Kawachi , Yuki Naito

Recent results of Kaplan et al., building on previous work by Kuwakado and Morii, have shown that a wide variety of classically-secure symmetric-key cryptosystems can be completely broken by quantum chosen-plaintext attacks (qCPA). In such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-11 Gorjan Alagic , Alexander Russell

Modern cryptography relies on keyed symmetric ciphers to ensure the secrecy and authenticity of high bandwidth data transfer. While the advent of quantum computers poses a challenge for public key cryptography, unbroken ciphers are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Ralf Riedinger

Block ciphers are versatile cryptographic ingredients that are used in a wide range of applications ranging from secure Internet communications to disk encryption. While post-quantum security of public-key cryptography has received…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Gorjan Alagic , Chen Bai , Christian Majenz , Kaiyan Shi

The quantum security of lightweight block ciphers is receiving more and more attention. However, the existing quantum attacks on lightweight block ciphers mainly focused on the quantum exhaustive search, while the quantum dedicated attacks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-03 Hui Liu , Li Yang
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