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The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a complex optimization problem with numerous real-world applications, mostly solved using metaheuristic algorithms due to its $\mathcal{NP}$-Hard nature. Traditionally, these metaheuristics rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Bachtiar Herdianto , Romain Billot , Flavien Lucas , Marc Sevaux

Learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems, such as the vehicle routing problem, offers great computational advantages over classical operations research solvers and heuristics. The recently developed deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Daniela Thyssens , Jonas Falkner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Existing neural heuristics often train a deep architecture from scratch for each specific vehicle routing problem (VRP), ignoring the transferable knowledge across different VRP variants. This paper proposes the cross-problem learning to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Zhuoyi Lin , Yaoxin Wu , Bangjian Zhou , Zhiguang Cao , Wen Song , Yingqian Zhang , Senthilnath Jayavelu

The traveling purchaser problem (TPP) is an important combinatorial optimization problem with broad applications. Due to the coupling between routing and purchasing, existing works on TPPs commonly address route construction and purchase…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-03 Haofeng Yuan , Rongping Zhu , Wanlu Yang , Shiji Song , Keyou You , Wei Fan , C. L. Philip Chen

Vehicle routing problems (VRPs) form a class of combinatorial problems with wide practical applications. While previous heuristic or learning-based works achieve decent solutions on small problem instances of up to 100 cities, their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Sirui Li , Zhongxia Yan , Cathy Wu

Order dispatching and driver repositioning (also known as fleet management) in the face of spatially and temporally varying supply and demand are central to a ride-sharing platform marketplace. Hand-crafting heuristic solutions that account…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 John Holler , Risto Vuorio , Zhiwei Qin , Xiaocheng Tang , Yan Jiao , Tiancheng Jin , Satinder Singh , Chenxi Wang , Jieping Ye

This paper studies robust variants of an extended model of the classical Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem (HVRP), where a mixed fleet of vehicles with different capacities, availabilities, fixed costs and routing costs is used to serve…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-19 Anirudh Subramanyam , Panagiotis P. Repoussis , Chrysanthos E. Gounaris

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem is a well-known NP-hard problem that poses the challenge of finding the optimal route of a vehicle delivering products to multiple locations. Recently, new efforts have emerged to create constructive…

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly prevalent nowadays, with studies highlighting their potential as mobile energy storage systems to provide grid support. Realising this potential requires effective charging coordination,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-22 Jun Kang Yap , Vishnu Monn Baskaran , Wen Shan Tan , Ze Yang Ding , Hao Wang , David L. Dowe

Unlike traditional homogeneous routing problems, the Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem (HFVRP) involves heterogeneous fixed costs, variable travel costs, and capacity constraints, rendering solution quality highly sensitive to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Shihong Huang , Shengjie Wang , Lei Gao , Hong Ma , Zhanluo Zhang , Feng Zhang , Weihua Zhou

This paper addresses the cooperative Multi-Vehicle Dynamic Pickup and Delivery Problem with Stochastic Requests (MVDPDPSR) and proposes an end-to-end centralized decision-making framework based on sequence-to-sequence, named Multi-Agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Zengyu Zou , Jingyuan Wang , Yixuan Huang , Junjie Wu

Deep reinforcement learning approaches have shown impressive results in a variety of different domains, however, more complex heterogeneous architectures such as world models require the different neural components to be trained separately…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Sebastian Risi , Kenneth O. Stanley

The recently presented idea to learn heuristics for combinatorial optimization problems is promising as it can save costly development. However, to push this idea towards practical implementation, we need better models and better ways of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-08 Wouter Kool , Herke van Hoof , Max Welling

The past decade has seen a rapid penetration of electric vehicles (EV) in the market, more and more logistics and transportation companies start to deploy EVs for service provision. In order to model the operations of a commercial EV fleet,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Bo Lin , Bissan Ghaddar , Jatin Nathwani

We present an efficient Neural Neighborhood Search (N2S) approach for pickup and delivery problems (PDPs). In specific, we design a powerful Synthesis Attention that allows the vanilla self-attention to synthesize various types of features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Yining Ma , Jingwen Li , Zhiguang Cao , Wen Song , Hongliang Guo , Yuejiao Gong , Yeow Meng Chee

SNCF, the French public train company, is experimenting to develop new types of transportation services by tackling vehicle routing problems. While many deep learning models have been used to tackle efficiently vehicle routing problems, it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Baptiste Rabecq , Rémy Chevrier

We introduce the Vehicle Routing Problem with Resource-Constrained Pickup and Delivery (VRP-RPD), where vehicles transport finite identical resources to customer locations for autonomous processing before retrieval and redeployment. Unlike…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-27 Manbir Sodhi , Romesh Prasad , Harishjitu Saseendran

Many real-world applications can be formulated as multi-agent cooperation problems, such as network packet routing and coordination of autonomous vehicles. The emergence of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) provides a promising approach for…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Zhixuan Liang , Jiannong Cao , Shan Jiang , Divya Saxena , Huafeng Xu

Routing in multi-hop wireless networks is a complex problem, especially in heterogeneous networks where multiple wireless communication technologies coexist. Reinforcement learning (RL) methods, such as Q-learning, have been introduced for…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-21 Brian Kim , Justin H. Kong , Terrence J. Moore , Fikadu T. Dagefu

Reinforcement learning has recently shown promise in learning quality solutions in many combinatorial optimization problems. In particular, the attention-based encoder-decoder models show high effectiveness on various routing problems,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-06 Aigerim Bogyrbayeva , Taehyun Yoon , Hanbum Ko , Sungbin Lim , Hyokun Yun , Changhyun Kwon