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The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is the combinatorial optimization problem of designing routes for vehicles to visit customers in such a fashion that a cost function, typically the number of vehicles, or the total travelled distance is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Sabino Francesco Roselli , Martin Fabian , Knut Åkesson

We present a novel deep reinforcement learning method to learn construction heuristics for vehicle routing problems. In specific, we propose a Multi-Decoder Attention Model (MDAM) to train multiple diverse policies, which effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Liang Xin , Wen Song , Zhiguang Cao , Jie Zhang

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a fundamental NP-hard task in intelligent transportation systems with broad applications in logistics and distribution. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Le Tung Giang , Vu Hoang Viet , Nguyen Xuan Tung , Trinh Van Chien , Won-Joo Hwang

Vehicle routing problems (VRPs) form a class of combinatorial problems with wide practical applications. While previous heuristic or learning-based works achieve decent solutions on small problem instances of up to 100 cities, their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Sirui Li , Zhongxia Yan , Cathy Wu

This paper introduces and formalizes the Dynamic and Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem with Emission Quota (DS-QVRP-RR), a novel routing problems that integrates dynamic demand acceptance and routing with a global emission constraint. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Farid Najar , Dominique Barth , Yann Strozecki

This paper develops an inherently parallelised, fast, approximate learning-based solution to the generic class of Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problems with Time Windows and Dynamic Routing (CVRP-TWDR). Considering vehicles in a fleet as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Nazneen N Sultana , Vinita Baniwal , Ansuma Basumatary , Piyush Mittal , Supratim Ghosh , Harshad Khadilkar

Recently, there is an emerging trend to apply deep reinforcement learning to solve the vehicle routing problem (VRP), where a learnt policy governs the selection of next node for visiting. However, existing methods could not handle well the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Jingwen Li , Liang Xin , Zhiguang Cao , Andrew Lim , Wen Song , Jie Zhang

Existing neural solvers for vehicle routing problems (VRPs) are typically trained either in a one-off manner on a fixed set of pre-defined tasks or in a lifelong manner with tasks arriving sequentially, assuming sufficient training on each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jiyuan Pei , Yi Mei , Jialin Liu , Mengjie Zhang , Xin Yao

We study the Compositional Geometry Routing Problem (CGRP), a unified superclass of traditional routing problems that covers point-only, line-only, area-only, and arbitrary hybrid task geometries, providing a broad abstraction for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Mingfeng Fan , Jianan Zhou , Jiaqi Cheng , Yifeng Zhang , Jie Zhang , Guillaume Adrien Sartoretti

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based frameworks, featuring Transformer-style policy networks, have demonstrated their efficacy across various vehicle routing problem (VRP) variants. However, the application of these methods to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Arash Mozhdehi , Yunli Wang , Sun Sun , Xin Wang

4D radars, which provide 3D point cloud data along with Doppler velocity, are attractive components of modern automated driving systems due to their low cost and robustness under adverse weather conditions. However, they provide a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Siqi Pei , Andras Palffy , Dariu M. Gavrila

Motivated by the promising advances of deep-reinforcement learning (DRL) applied to cooperative multi-agent systems we propose a model and learning procedure to solve the Capacitated Multi-Vehicle Routing Problem (CMVRP) with fixed fleet…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-10 Jose Manuel Vera , Andres G. Abad

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a complex optimization problem with numerous real-world applications, mostly solved using metaheuristic algorithms due to its $\mathcal{NP}$-Hard nature. Traditionally, these metaheuristics rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Bachtiar Herdianto , Romain Billot , Flavien Lucas , Marc Sevaux

Current directed graph embedding methods build upon undirected techniques but often inadequately capture directed edge information, leading to challenges such as: (1) Suboptimal representations for nodes with low in/out-degrees, due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Zhaoru Ke , Hang Yu , Jianguo Li , Haipeng Zhang

All-in-one image restoration has emerged as a practical and promising low-level vision task for real-world applications. In this context, the key issue lies in how to deal with different types of degraded images simultaneously. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xiaole Tang , Xiang Gu , Xiaoyi He , Xin Hu , Jian Sun

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem is a well-known NP-hard problem that poses the challenge of finding the optimal route of a vehicle delivering products to multiple locations. Recently, new efforts have emerged to create constructive…

Model-free deep-reinforcement-based learning algorithms have been applied to a range of COPs~\cite{bello2016neural}~\cite{kool2018attention}~\cite{nazari2018reinforcement}. However, these approaches suffer from two key challenges when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Nasrin Sultana , Jeffrey Chan , Tabinda Sarwar , A. K. Qin

Route planning for a fleet of vehicles is an important task in applications such as package delivery, surveillance, or transportation, often integrated within larger Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). This problem is commonly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Daniel Fuertes , Carlos R. del-Blanco , Fernando Jaureguizar , Narciso García

Deep learning models for vision tasks are trained on large datasets under the assumption that there exists a universal representation that can be used to make predictions for all samples. Whereas high complexity models are proven to be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Botos Csaba , Adel Bibi , Yanwei Li , Philip Torr , Ser-Nam Lim

Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) in real-world applications often come with various constraints, therefore bring additional computational challenges to exact solution methods or heuristic search approaches. The recent idea to learn heuristic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-01 Qiaoyue Tang , Yangzhe Kong , Lemeng Pan , Choonmeng Lee