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While protein language models (pLMs) have transformed biological research, the scaling laws governing their improvement remain underexplored. By adapting methodologies from NLP scaling laws, we investigated the optimal ratio between model…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-27 Yaiza Serrano , Álvaro Ciudad , Alexis Molina

The performance of a language model has been shown to be effectively modeled as a power-law in its parameter count. Here we study the scaling behaviors of Routing Networks: architectures that conditionally use only a subset of their…

Pretraining large language models (LLMs) is resource-intensive, often requiring months of training time even with high-end GPU clusters. There are two approaches of mitigating such computational demands: reusing smaller models to train…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Seng Pei Liew , Takuya Kato , Sho Takase

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge or mobile devices offers significant benefits, such as enhanced data privacy and real-time processing capabilities. However, it also faces critical challenges due to the substantial memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yu Mao , Weilan Wang , Hongchao Du , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

Molecular generative models, often employing GPT-style language modeling on molecular string representations, have shown promising capabilities when scaled to large datasets and model sizes. However, it remains unclear and subject to debate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Dong Xu , Qihua Pan , Sisi Yuan , Jianqiang Li , Zexuan Zhu , Junkai Ji

Transformer model architectures have garnered immense interest lately due to their effectiveness across a range of domains like language, vision and reinforcement learning. In the field of natural language processing for example,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Yi Tay , Mostafa Dehghani , Dara Bahri , Donald Metzler

NLP is currently dominated by general-purpose pretrained language models like RoBERTa, which achieve strong performance on NLU tasks through pretraining on billions of words. But what exact knowledge or skills do Transformer LMs learn from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Yian Zhang , Alex Warstadt , Haau-Sing Li , Samuel R. Bowman

In this work, we study the effect of varying the architecture and training data quality on the data scaling properties of Neural Machine Translation (NMT). First, we establish that the test loss of encoder-decoder transformer models scales…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Yamini Bansal , Behrooz Ghorbani , Ankush Garg , Biao Zhang , Maxim Krikun , Colin Cherry , Behnam Neyshabur , Orhan Firat

We show that transformer-based large language models are computationally universal when augmented with an external memory. Any deterministic language model that conditions on strings of bounded length is equivalent to a finite automaton,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Dale Schuurmans

In this work, we investigate the effect of language models (LMs) with different context lengths and label units (phoneme vs. word) used in sequence discriminative training for phoneme-based neural transducers. Both lattice-free and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Zijian Yang , Wei Zhou , Ralf Schlüter , Hermann Ney

The surprising ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform well on complex reasoning with only few-shot chain-of-thought prompts is believed to emerge only in very large-scale models (100+ billion parameters). We show that such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Yao Fu , Hao Peng , Litu Ou , Ashish Sabharwal , Tushar Khot

We introduce a scaling law for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) under fixed compute budgets that explicitly accounts for data composition. Conventional approaches measure training data solely by total tokens, yet the number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Ryan Lagasse , Aidan Kierans , Avijit Ghosh , Shiri Dori-Hacohen

When we read, we make predictions about upcoming words; these predictions influence our reading behavior. The success of large language models (LLMs), which, like humans, make predictions about upcoming words, has motivated their use as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Byung-Doh Oh , Tal Linzen

Instruction-tuning language models has become a crucial step in aligning them for general use. Typically, this process involves extensive training on large datasets, incurring high training costs. In this paper, we introduce a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Dheeraj Mekala , Alex Nguyen , Jingbo Shang

Transformer-based models achieve state-of-the-art dependency parsing for high-resource languages, yet their advantage over simpler architectures in low-resource settings remains poorly understood. We evaluate four parsers -- the Biaffine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Kevin Guan , Happy Buzaaba , Christiane Fellbaum

In recent times, Large Language Models (LLMs) have captured a global spotlight and revolutionized the field of Natural Language Processing. One of the factors attributed to the effectiveness of LLMs is the model architecture used for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Oluwaseyi Ogunfowora , Homayoun Najjaran

With the rapid development of natural language processing technology, large-scale language models (LLM) have achieved remarkable results in a variety of tasks. However, how to effectively train these huge models and improve their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Jiajing Chen , Bingying Liu , Xiaoxuan Liao , Jia Gao , Hongye Zheng , Yue Li

While large language models (LLMs) often adopt finetuning to unlock their capabilities for downstream applications, our understanding on the inductive biases (especially the scaling properties) of different finetuning methods is still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Biao Zhang , Zhongtao Liu , Colin Cherry , Orhan Firat

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in time series analysis and seems to understand the time temporal relationship well than traditional transformer-based approaches. However, since LLMs are not designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Liangwei Nathan Zheng , Chang George Dong , Wei Emma Zhang , Lin Yue , Miao Xu , Olaf Maennel , Weitong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for natural language processing tasks, revolutionizing the field with their ability to understand and generate human-like text. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Nikoletta Koilia , Christoforos Kachris