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Business logic vulnerabilities have become one of the most damaging yet least understood classes of smart contract vulnerabilities. Unlike traditional bugs such as reentrancy or arithmetic errors, these vulnerabilities arise from missing or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jiaqi Gao , Zijian Zhang , Yuqiang Sun , Ye Liu , Chengwei Liu , Han Liu , Yi Li , Yang Liu

Deep learning (DL) based language models achieve high performance on various benchmarks for Natural Language Inference (NLI). And at this time, symbolic approaches to NLI are receiving less attention. Both approaches (symbolic and DL) have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Zeming Chen , Qiyue Gao , Lawrence S. Moss

Deep learning models have achieved remarkable success in natural language inference (NLI) tasks. While these models are widely explored, they are hard to interpret and it is often unclear how and why they actually work. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Reza Ghaeini , Xiaoli Z. Fern , Prasad Tadepalli

Natural Language Inference (NLI) or Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) is the task of predicting the entailment relation between a pair of sentences (premise and hypothesis). This task has been described as a valuable testing ground for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Qingyuan Hu , Yi Zhang , Kanishka Misra , Julia Rayz

Large crowdsourced datasets are widely used for training and evaluating neural models on natural language inference (NLI). Despite these efforts, neural models have a hard time capturing logical inferences, including those licensed by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Hitomi Yanaka , Koji Mineshima , Daisuke Bekki , Kentaro Inui , Satoshi Sekine , Lasha Abzianidze , Johan Bos

Understanding entailment and contradiction is fundamental to understanding natural language, and inference about entailment and contradiction is a valuable testing ground for the development of semantic representations. However, machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-08-24 Samuel R. Bowman , Gabor Angeli , Christopher Potts , Christopher D. Manning

Gender-bias stereotypes have recently raised significant ethical concerns in natural language processing. However, progress in detection and evaluation of gender bias in natural language understanding through inference is limited and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Shanya Sharma , Manan Dey , Koustuv Sinha

We probe large language models' ability to learn deep form-meaning mappings as defined by construction grammars. We introduce the ConTest-NLI benchmark of 80k sentences covering eight English constructions from highly lexicalized to highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Tom Mackintosh , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Claire Bonial

Natural language inference (NLI) is an increasingly important task for natural language understanding, which requires one to infer whether a sentence entails another. However, the ability of NLI models to make pragmatic inferences remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Paloma Jeretic , Alex Warstadt , Suvrat Bhooshan , Adina Williams

Over the past decade, different domain-specific languages (DSLs) were proposed to formally specify requirements stated in legal contracts, mainly for analysis but also for code generation. Symboleo is a promising language in that area.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Mounira Nihad Zitouni , Amal Ahmed Anda , Sahil Rajpal , Daniel Amyot , John Mylopoulos

This chapter explores the application of Large Language Models in the legal domain, showcasing their potential to optimise and augment traditional legal tasks by analysing possible use cases, such as assisting in interpreting statutes,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Simone Corbo

Many specialized domains remain untouched by deep learning, as large labeled datasets require expensive expert annotators. We address this bottleneck within the legal domain by introducing the Contract Understanding Atticus Dataset (CUAD),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Dan Hendrycks , Collin Burns , Anya Chen , Spencer Ball

A recurring challenge of crowdsourcing NLP datasets at scale is that human writers often rely on repetitive patterns when crafting examples, leading to a lack of linguistic diversity. We introduce a novel approach for dataset creation based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Alisa Liu , Swabha Swayamdipta , Noah A. Smith , Yejin Choi

The potential of large language models (LLMs) in specialized domains such as legal risk analysis remains underexplored. In response to growing interest in locally deploying open-source LLMs for legal tasks while preserving data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Shuang Liu , Zelong Li , Ruoyun Ma , Haiyan Zhao , Mengnan Du

Sentence embedding methods using natural language inference (NLI) datasets have been successfully applied to various tasks. However, these methods are only available for limited languages due to relying heavily on the large NLI datasets. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Hayato Tsukagoshi , Ryohei Sasano , Koichi Takeda

We apply the Adversarial NLI dataset to train the NLI model and show that the model has the potential to enhance factual correctness in abstract summarization. We follow the work of Falke et al. (2019), which rank multiple generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Mario Barrantes , Benedikt Herudek , Richard Wang

Most evaluations of attribution methods focus on the English language. In this work, we present a multilingual approach for evaluating attribution methods for the Natural Language Inference (NLI) task in terms of faithfulness and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Kerem Zaman , Yonatan Belinkov

Collecting labeled datasets in finance is challenging due to scarcity of domain experts and higher cost of employing them. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in data annotation tasks on general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Toyin Aguda , Suchetha Siddagangappa , Elena Kochkina , Simerjot Kaur , Dongsheng Wang , Charese Smiley , Sameena Shah

Natural Language Inference (NLI) datasets often contain hypothesis-only biases---artifacts that allow models to achieve non-trivial performance without learning whether a premise entails a hypothesis. We propose two probabilistic methods to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Yonatan Belinkov , Adam Poliak , Stuart M. Shieber , Benjamin Van Durme , Alexander M. Rush

Current Natural Language Inference (NLI) systems primarily operate at the sentence level, providing black-box decisions that lack explanatory power. While atomic-level NLI offers a promising alternative by decomposing hypotheses into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Minghui Huang