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The application of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in medicine is critically hampered by the scarcity of high-quality, expert-annotated data. Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) on existing datasets often leads to poor generalization on unseen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Weihai Zhi , Jiayan Guo , Shangyang Li

Exploration in environments with sparse rewards has been a persistent problem in reinforcement learning (RL). Many tasks are natural to specify with a sparse reward, and manually shaping a reward function can result in suboptimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Ashvin Nair , Bob McGrew , Marcin Andrychowicz , Wojciech Zaremba , Pieter Abbeel

Reward design is a fundamental problem in reinforcement learning (RL). A misspecified or poorly designed reward can result in low sample efficiency and undesired behaviors. In this paper, we propose the idea of programmatic reward design,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-10 Weichao Zhou , Wenchao Li

Applying reinforcement learning (RL) to foreign exchange (Forex) trading remains challenging because realistic environments, well-defined reward functions, and expressive action spaces must be satisfied simultaneously, yet many prior…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-04-02 Nabeel Ahmad Saidd

Deep learning has achieved remarkable successes in solving challenging reinforcement learning (RL) problems when dense reward function is provided. However, in sparse reward environment it still often suffers from the need to carefully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Hao Liu , Alexander Trott , Richard Socher , Caiming Xiong

Major depressive disorder (MDD) presents challenges in diagnosis and treatment due to its complex and heterogeneous nature. Emerging evidence indicates that reward processing abnormalities may serve as a behavioral marker for MDD. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Xingche Guo , Donglin Zeng , Yuanjia Wang

Molecular similarity plays a central role in ligand-based drug discovery, such as virtual screening, analog searching, and goal-directed molecular generation. However, traditional similarity measures, ranging from fingerprint-based Tanimoto…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Shiyun Wa , Yifei Wang , Simone Sciabola , Ye Wang

We propose a general and model-free approach for Reinforcement Learning (RL) on real robotics with sparse rewards. We build upon the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm to use demonstrations. Both demonstrations and actual…

Molecular optimization seeks to improve a molecule through small structural edits while preserving similarity to the starting compound. Recent language-model approaches typically treat this task as prompt-conditioned sequence generation.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Qingchuan Zhang , He Cao , Hao Li , Yanjun Shao , Zhiyuan Liu , Shihang Wang , Shufang Xie , Shenghua Gao , Xinwu Ye

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made substantial strides in structured tasks through Reinforcement Learning (RL), demonstrating proficiency in mathematical reasoning and code generation. However, applying RL in broader domains like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Hao Sun , Yunyi Shen , Jean-Francois Ton , Mihaela van der Schaar

Driven by the key challenges of cell therapy manufacturing, including high complexity, high uncertainty, and very limited process observations, we propose a hybrid model-based reinforcement learning (RL) to efficiently guide process…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-27 Hua Zheng , Wei Xie , Keqi Wang , Zheng Li

Diffusion models have emerged as powerful tools for 3D medical image generation, yet bridging the gap between standard training objectives and clinical relevance remains a challenge. This paper presents a method to enhance 3D diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yueying Tian , Xudong Han , Meng Zhou , Rodrigo Aviles-Espinosa , Rupert Young , Philip Birch

Structure-based drug design involves finding ligand molecules that exhibit structural and chemical complementarity to protein pockets. Deep generative methods have shown promise in proposing novel molecules from scratch (de-novo design),…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-11-09 Pavol Drotár , Arian Rokkum Jamasb , Ben Day , Cătălina Cangea , Pietro Liò

The sim-to-real gap, which represents the disparity between training and testing environments, poses a significant challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). A promising approach to addressing this challenge is distributionally robust RL,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Miao Lu , Han Zhong , Tong Zhang , Jose Blanchet

With the advent of deep generative models in computational chemistry, in silico anticancer drug design has undergone an unprecedented transformation. While state-of-the-art deep learning approaches have shown potential in generating…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-24 Jannis Born , Matteo Manica , Ali Oskooei , Joris Cadow , Karsten Borgwardt , María Rodríguez Martínez

Generative AI has the potential to revolutionize drug discovery. Yet, despite recent advances in deep learning, existing models cannot generate molecules that satisfy all desired physicochemical properties. Herein, we describe IDOLpro, a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Amit Kadan , Kevin Ryczko , Erika Lloyd , Adrian Roitberg , Takeshi Yamazaki

Structured texts refer to texts containing structured elements beyond plain texts, such as code snippets and placeholders. Such structured texts increasingly require segmentation into semantically meaningful components, which cannot be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Haoyuan Li , Zhengyuan Shen , Sullam Jeoung , Yueyan Chen , Jiayu Li , Qi Zhu , Shuai Wang , Vassilis Ioannidis , Huzefa Rangwala

In recent years, deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been successful in various combinatorial search domains, such as two-player games and scientific discovery. However, directly applying deep RL in planning domains is still challenging.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Dieqiao Feng , Carla P. Gomes , Bart Selman

Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is the predominant algorithm for training text generation models. This paradigm relies on direct supervision examples, which is not applicable to many emerging applications, such as generating adversarial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Han Guo , Bowen Tan , Zhengzhong Liu , Eric P. Xing , Zhiting Hu

Designing compounds with desired properties is a key element of the drug discovery process. However, measuring progress in the field has been challenging due to the lack of realistic retrospective benchmarks, and the large cost of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-06-16 Tobiasz Cieplinski , Tomasz Danel , Sabina Podlewska , Stanislaw Jastrzebski