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The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) adds variability as well as fast control capabilities to power networks. Dispatching the DERs based on local information to provide real-time optimal network operation is the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-24 Heng Liang , Yujin Huang , Changhong Zhao

Due to high power in-feed from photovoltaics, it can be expected that more battery systems will be installed in the distribution grid in near future to mitigate voltage violations and thermal line and transformer overloading. In this paper,…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-03-17 Philipp Fortenbacher , Johanna L. Mathieu , Göran Andersson

Online Feedback Optimization uses optimization algorithms as dynamic systems to design optimal control inputs. The results obtained from Online Feedback Optimization depend on the setup of the chosen optimization algorithm. In this work we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-11 Marta Zagorowska , Lars Imsland

In this paper, we propose an optimal control-estimation architecture for distribution networks, which jointly solves the optimal power flow (OPF) problem and static state estimation (SE) problem through an online gradient-based feedback…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-31 Yi Guo , Xinyang Zhou , Changhong Zhao , Lijun Chen , Gabriela Hug , Tyler H. Summers

Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) controllers iteratively drive a plant to an optimal operating point that satisfies input and output constraints, relying solely on the input-output sensitivity as model information. This paper introduces…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-10 Nicholas Julian Behr , Mattia Bianchi , Keith Moffat , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) is a control approach to drive a dynamical plant to an optimal steady state. By interconnecting optimization algorithms with real-time plant measurements, OFO provides all the benefits of feedback control,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-14 Mattia Bianchi , Florian Dörfler

This paper considers the problem of online feedback optimization to solve the AC Optimal Power Flow in real-time in power grids. This consists in continuously driving the controllable power injections and loads towards the optimal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-18 Miguel Picallo , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

This paper considers distribution networks featuring inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources, and develops distributed feedback controllers that continuously drive the inverter output powers to solutions of AC optimal power flow…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-06-22 Emiliano Dall'Anese , Andrea Simonetto

Online Feedback Optimization leverages properties of optimization algorithms to develop controllers for systems with limited model availability, which is often the case in process control. The interplay between the parameters of the chosen…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-15 Marta Zagorowska , Lukas Ortmann , Giuseppe Belgioioso , Lars Imsland

Fast inverter control is a desideratum towards the smoother integration of renewables. Adjusting inverter injection setpoints for distributed energy resources can be an effective grid control mechanism. However, finding such setpoints…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-01 Mana Jalali , Manish K. Singh , Vassilis Kekatos , Georgios B. Giannakis , Chen-Ching Liu

Online feedback optimization is a controller design paradigm for optimizing the steady-state behavior of a dynamical system. It employs an optimization algorithm as a dynamic feedback controller and utilizes real-time measurements to bypass…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-01 Wenbin Wang , Zhiyu He , Giuseppe Belgioioso , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

Flexibility is increasingly gaining importance in modern power system operation. This paper presents a controller framework based on Online Feedback Optimization for real-time coordination of power system flexibility. The proposed approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-09 Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Matthis Berger , Irina Zettl , Andreas Ulbig

As power systems become more complex and uncertain, low-voltage distribution networks face numerous challenges, including three-phase imbalances caused by asymmetrical loads and distributed energy resources. We propose a robust stochastic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-25 Rui Wang , Xiaoqing Bai , Shengquan Huang , Shoupu Wei

In this paper, we develop an online method that leverages machine learning to obtain feasible solutions to the AC optimal power flow (OPF) problem with negligible optimality gaps on extremely fast timescales (e.g., milliseconds), bypassing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Ahmed Zamzam , Kyri Baker

Recent developments in applying machine learning to address Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow (AC OPF) problems have demonstrated significant potential in providing close to optimal solutions for generator dispatch in near real-time.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-28 Vincenzo Di Vito , Mostafa Mohammadian , Kyri Baker , Ferdinando Fioretto

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a novel grid-forming (GFM) control method for grid-connected converters (GCCs). The core novelty lies in a virtual flux observer-based synchronization and load angle control method. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Xueqing Gao , Jun Zhang , Tao Li , Mingming Zhang

Conventional optimal power flow (OPF) solvers assume full observability of the involved system states. However, in practice, there is a lack of reliable system monitoring devices in the distribution networks. To close the gap between the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-18 Yi Guo , Xinyang Zhou , Changhong Zhao , Yue Chen , Tyler Summers , Lijun Chen

Estimation of sensitivity matrices in electrical transmission systems allows grid operators to evaluate in real-time how changes in power injections reflect into changes in power flows. In this paper, we propose a robust low-rank…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-12 Ana M. Ospina , Emiliano Dall'Anese

Optimal power flow (OPF) is a very fundamental but vital optimization problem in the power system, which aims at solving a specific objective function (ex.: generator costs) while maintaining the system in the stable and safe operations. In…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-09 Yuhao Zhou , Bei Zhang , Chunlei Xu , Tu Lan , Ruisheng Diao , Di Shi , Zhiwei Wang , Wei-Jen Lee

The growing electricity demand of AI data centers introduces significant voltage variability in power networks, affecting not only their own operation but also the experience of all users sharing the network. To smooth data center impacts…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Yanyong Mao , Johanna L. Mathieu , Vladimir Dvorkin