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Quantum states are successfully reconstructed using the maximum likelihood estimation on the subspace where the measured projectors reproduce the identity operator. Reconstruction corresponds to normalization of incompatible observations.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 Z. Hradil , J. Summhammer , H. Rauch

Quantum Hamiltonian identification is important for characterizing the dynamics of quantum systems, calibrating quantum devices and achieving precise quantum control. In this paper, an effective two-step optimization (TSO) quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-05 Yuanlong Wang , Daoyi Dong , Bo Qi , Jun Zhang , Ian R. Petersen , Hidehiro Yonezawa

Maximum-likelihood methods are applied to the problem of absorption tomography. The reconstruction is done with the help of an iterative algorithm. We show how the statistics of the illuminating beam can be incorporated into the…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2009-11-07 J. Rehacek , Z. Hradil , M. Zawisky , W. Treimer , M. Strobl

As quantum technologies advance, the ability to generate increasingly large quantum states has experienced rapid development. In this context, the verification and estimation of large entangled systems represents one of the main challenges…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-30 Joshua Morris , Valeria Saggio , Aleksandra Gočanin , Borivoje Dakić

Quantum state tomography is a technique in quantum information science used to reconstruct the density matrix of an unknown quantum state, providing complete information about the quantum state. It is of significant importance in fields…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Wenlong Zhao , Da Zhang , Huili Zhang , Haifeng Yu , Zhang-qi Yin

We propose a systematic procedure to optimize quantum state tomography protocols for continuous variable systems based on excitation counting preceded by a displacement operation. Compared with conventional tomography based on Husimi or…

The reliable characterization of quantum states is a fundamental task in quantum information science. For this purpose, quantum state tomography provides a standard framework for reconstructing quantum states from measurement data, yet it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Yixuan Hu , Mengru Ma , Jiangwei Shang

Quantum state estimation aims at determining the quantum state from observed data. Estimating the full state can require considerable efforts, but one is often only interested in a few properties of the state, such as the fidelity with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-15 Xikun Li , Jiangwei Shang , Hui Khoon Ng , Berthold-Georg Englert

We report on an intrinsic relationship between the maximum-likelihood quantum-state estimation and the representation of the signal. A quantum analogy of the transfer function determines the space where the reconstruction should be done…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Z. Hradil , D. Mogilevtsev , J. Rehacek

Initializing classical data in a quantum device is an essential step in many quantum algorithms. As a consequence of measurement and noisy operations, some algorithms need to reinitialize the prepared state several times during its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-27 Tiago M. L. de Veras , Leon D. da Silva , Adenilton J. da Silva

We describe algorithms to obtain an approximate classical description of a $d$-dimensional quantum state when given access to a unitary (and its inverse) that prepares it. For pure states we characterize the query complexity for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-19 Joran van Apeldoorn , Arjan Cornelissen , András Gilyén , Giacomo Nannicini

The identification of an unknown quantum gate is a significant issue in quantum technology. In this paper, we propose a quantum gate identification method within the framework of quantum process tomography. In this method, a series of pure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-15 Yuanlong Wang , Qi Yin , Daoyi Dong , Bo Qi , Ian R. Petersen , Zhibo Hou , Hidehiro Yonezawa , Guo-Yong Xiang

We present an optimal quantum algorithm for fidelity estimation between two quantum states when one of them is pure. In particular, the (square root) fidelity of a mixed state to a pure state can be estimated to within additive error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-03 Wang Fang , Qisheng Wang

The estimation of high dimensional quantum states is an important statistical problem arising in current quantum technology applications. A key example is the tomography of multiple ions states, employed in the validation of state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-09 Cristina Butucea , Madalin Guta , Theodore Kypraios

The performance of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm is evaluated by using three different measures: the probability of finding the ground state, the energy expectation value, and a ratio closely related to the approximation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-08 Madita Willsch , Dennis Willsch , Fengping Jin , Hans De Raedt , Kristel Michielsen

Quantum state tomography is a powerful, but resource-intensive, general solution for numerous quantum information processing tasks. This motivates the design of robust tomography procedures that use relevant resources as sparingly as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-17 Fernando G. S. L. Brandão , Richard Kueng , Daniel Stilck França

A new qubit tomography protocol is introduced, based on a continuous positive operator valued measure, which is supported by the set of pure states, and equivariant under the symmetry group SO(3,R) of the qubit state space. Thus the sample…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-03-14 Tamás Tasnádi

We present a scalable method for the tomography of large multiqubit quantum registers. It acquires information about the permutationally invariant part of the density operator, which is a good approximation to the true state in many,…

Quantum state tomography is a fundamental tool in quantum information processing. It allows us to estimate the state of a quantum system by measuring different observables on many identically prepared copies of the system. This is, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-28 Carlos A. Riofrío

Quantum detector tomography (QDT) is a fundamental technique for calibrating quantum devices and performing quantum engineering tasks. In this paper, we utilize regularization to improve the QDT accuracy whenever the probe states are…

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