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High dimensional data analysis for exploration and discovery includes three fundamental tasks: dimensionality reduction, clustering, and visualization. When the three associated tasks are done separately, as is often the case thus far,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Stan Z. Li , Lirong Wu , Zelin Zang

Unsupervised learning aims to capture the underlying structure of potentially large and high-dimensional datasets. Traditionally, this involves using dimensionality reduction (DR) methods to project data onto lower-dimensional spaces or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Hugues Van Assel , Cédric Vincent-Cuaz , Nicolas Courty , Rémi Flamary , Pascal Frossard , Titouan Vayer

Datasets in high-dimension do not typically form clusters in their original space; the issue is worse when the number of points in the dataset is small. We propose a low-computation method to find statistically significant clustering…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-24 Alden Bradford , Tarun Yellamraju , Mireille Boutin

Cluster interpretation after dimensionality reduction (DR) is a ubiquitous part of exploring multidimensional datasets. DR results are frequently represented by scatterplots, where spatial proximity encodes similarity among data samples. In…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Wilson E. Marcílio-Jr , Danilo M. Eler , Rogério E. Garcia

Most dimensionality reduction methods employ frequency domain representations obtained from matrix diagonalization and may not be efficient for large datasets with relatively high intrinsic dimensions. To address this challenge, Correlated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-10 Yuta Hozumi , Rui Wang , Guo-Wei Wei

Spectral dimensionality reduction methods enable linear separations of complex data with high-dimensional features in a reduced space. However, these methods do not always give the desired results due to irregularities or uncertainties of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-21 Momo Matsuda , Keiichi Morikuni , Tetsuya Sakurai

The challenge in fine-grained visual categorization lies in how to explore the subtle differences between different subclasses and achieve accurate discrimination. Previous research has relied on large-scale annotated data and pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Tianxu Wu , Shuo Ye , Shuhuang Chen , Qinmu Peng , Xinge You

High-dimensional clustering analysis is a challenging problem in statistics and machine learning, with broad applications such as the analysis of microarray data and RNA-seq data. In this paper, we propose a new clustering procedure called…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-31 Tianqi Liu , Yu Lu , Biqing Zhu , Hongyu Zhao

Dimensionality reduction (DR) methods are commonly used for analyzing and visualizing multidimensional data. However, when data is a live streaming feed, conventional DR methods cannot be directly used because of their computational…

Graphics · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Takanori Fujiwara , Jia-Kai Chou , Shilpika , Panpan Xu , Liu Ren , Kwan-Liu Ma

Selecting the appropriate dimensionality reduction (DR) technique and determining its optimal hyperparameter settings that maximize the accuracy of the output projections typically involves extensive trial and error, often resulting in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hyeon Jeon , Jeongin Park , Soohyun Lee , Dae Hyun Kim , Sungbok Shin , Jinwook Seo

Dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques are frequently used to analyze complex data sets, but their results are often not easy to interpret. We consider how to support users in interpreting apparent cluster structure on scatter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Xander Vankwikelberge , Bo Kang , Edith Heiter , Jefrey Lijffijt

This is a tutorial and survey paper on various methods for Sufficient Dimension Reduction (SDR). We cover these methods with both statistical high-dimensional regression perspective and machine learning approach for dimensionality…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-20 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

Subspace clustering methods have been widely studied recently. When the inputs are 2-dimensional (2D) data, existing subspace clustering methods usually convert them into vectors, which severely damages inherent structures and relationships…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Chong Peng , Qian Zhang , Zhao Kang , Chenglizhao Chen , Qiang Cheng

Evaluating the accuracy of dimensionality reduction (DR) projections in preserving the structure of high-dimensional data is crucial for reliable visual analytics. Diverse evaluation metrics targeting different structural characteristics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jiyeon Bae , Hyeon Jeon , Jinwook Seo

Brushing is a common interaction technique in 2D scatterplots, allowing users to select clustered points within a continuous, enclosed region for further analysis or filtering. However, applying conventional brushing to 2D representations…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hyeon Jeon , Michaël Aupetit , Soohyun Lee , Kwon Ko , Youngtaek Kim , Ghulam Jilani Quadri , Jinwook Seo

Clustering algorithms are one of the main analytical methods to detect patterns in unlabeled data. Existing clustering methods typically treat samples in a dataset as points in a metric space and compute distances to group together similar…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Tarek Naous , Srinjay Sarkar , Abubakar Abid , James Zou

In general, the clustering problem is NP-hard, and global optimality cannot be established for non-trivial instances. For high-dimensional data, distance-based methods for clustering or classification face an additional difficulty, the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-04-26 Tsvetan Asamov , Adi Ben-Israel

Dimensionality reduction (DR) methods have been commonly used as a principled way to understand the high-dimensional data such as facial images. In this paper, we propose a new supervised DR method called Optimized Projection for Sparse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-02-03 Can-Yi Lu , De-Shuang Huang

In exploratory tasks involving high-dimensional datasets, dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques help analysts to discover patterns and other useful information. Although scatter plot representations of DR results allow for cluster…

Dimensionality reduction is a common method for analyzing and visualizing high-dimensional data. However, reasoning dynamically about the results of a dimensionality reduction is difficult. Dimensionality-reduction algorithms use complex…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Marco Cavallo , Çağatay Demiralp