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Multi-label classification (MLC) is a supervised learning problem in which, contrary to standard multiclass classification, an instance can be associated with several class labels simultaneously. In this chapter, we advocate a rule-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Eneldo Loza Mencía , Johannes Fürnkranz , Eyke Hüllermeier , Michael Rapp

Despite an ever growing number of word representation models introduced for a large number of languages, there is a lack of a standardized technique to provide insights into what is captured by these models. Such insights would help the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Gözde Gül Şahin , Clara Vania , Ilia Kuznetsov , Iryna Gurevych

In this paper, we introduce our approaches using Transformer-based models for different problems of the COLIEE 2021 automatic legal text processing competition. Automated processing of legal documents is a challenging task because of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Ha-Thanh Nguyen , Minh-Phuong Nguyen , Thi-Hai-Yen Vuong , Minh-Quan Bui , Minh-Chau Nguyen , Tran-Binh Dang , Vu Tran , Le-Minh Nguyen , Ken Satoh

Word embedding is a modern distributed word representations approach widely used in many natural language processing tasks. Converting the vocabulary in a legal document into a word embedding model facilitates subjecting legal documents to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Chun-Hsien Lin , Pu-Jen Cheng

EuroVoc is a multilingual thesaurus that was built for organizing the legislative documentary of the European Union institutions. It contains thousands of categories at different levels of specificity and its descriptors are targeted by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Andrei-Marius Avram , Vasile Pais , Dan Tufis

Transfer learning, where a model is first pre-trained on a data-rich task before being fine-tuned on a downstream task, has emerged as a powerful technique in natural language processing (NLP). The effectiveness of transfer learning has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Colin Raffel , Noam Shazeer , Adam Roberts , Katherine Lee , Sharan Narang , Michael Matena , Yanqi Zhou , Wei Li , Peter J. Liu

To undertake computational research of the law, efficiently identifying datasets of court decisions that relate to a specific legal issue is a crucial yet challenging endeavour. This study addresses the gap in the literature working with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Ahmed Izzidien , Holli Sargeant , Felix Steffek

Protecting privileged communications and data from inadvertent disclosure is a paramount task in the US legal practice. Traditionally counsels rely on keyword searching and manual review to identify privileged documents in cases. As data…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Haozhen Zhao , Shi Ye , Jingchao Yang

Recommendation systems, for documents, have become tools to find relevant content on the Web. However, these systems have limitations when it comes to recommending documents in languages different from the query language, which means they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Tsegaye Misikir Tashu , Eduard-Raul Kontos , Matthia Sabatelli , Matias Valdenegro-Toro

We present a family of neural-network--inspired models for computing continuous word representations, specifically designed to exploit both monolingual and multilingual text. This framework allows us to perform unsupervised training of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-12-15 Radu Soricut , Nan Ding

This article investigates the use of Transformation-Based Error-Driven learning for resolving part-of-speech ambiguity in the Greek language. The aim is not only to study the performance, but also to examine its dependence on different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 G. Petasis , G. Paliouras , V. Karkaletsis , C. D. Spyropoulos , I. Androutsopoulos

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) for legal reasoning requires workflows that span task design, expert annotation, model execution, and metric-based evaluation. In practice, these steps are split across platforms and scripts, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Sebastian Nagl , Matthias Grabmair

Text classification is a fundamental task in natural language processing (NLP). Several recent studies show the success of deep learning on text processing. Convolutional neural network (CNN), as a popular deep learning model, has shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Ali Jarrahi , Ramin Mousa , Leila Safari

Despite Greece's pivotal role in the global economy, large language models (LLMs) remain underexplored for Greek financial context due to the linguistic complexity of Greek and the scarcity of domain-specific datasets. Previous efforts in…

Lately, propelled by the phenomenal advances around the transformer architecture, the legal NLP field has enjoyed spectacular growth. To measure progress, well curated and challenging benchmarks are crucial. However, most benchmarks are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Joel Niklaus , Veton Matoshi , Pooja Rani , Andrea Galassi , Matthias Stürmer , Ilias Chalkidis

Modeling law search and retrieval as prediction problems has recently emerged as a predominant approach in law intelligence. Focusing on the law article retrieval task, we present a deep learning framework named LamBERTa, which is designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Andrea Tagarelli , Andrea Simeri

Transformer-based language models such as BERT have become foundational in NLP, yet their performance degrades in specialized domains like patents, which contain long, technical, and legally structured text. Prior approaches to patent NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Amirhossein Yousefiramandi , Ciaran Cooney

We aim to highlight an interesting trend to contribute to the ongoing debate around advances within legal Natural Language Processing. Recently, the focus for most legal text classification tasks has shifted towards large pre-trained deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Benjamin Clavié , Marc Alphonsus

The era of transfer learning has revolutionized the fields of Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing, bringing powerful pretrained models with exceptional performance across a variety of tasks. Specifically, Natural Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Iakovos Evdaimon , Hadi Abdine , Christos Xypolopoulos , Stamatis Outsios , Michalis Vazirgiannis , Giorgos Stamou

Multi-class text classification is one of the key problems in machine learning and natural language processing. Emerging neural networks deal with the problem using a multi-output softmax layer and achieve substantial progress, but they do…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Haiyang Xu , Junwen Chen , Kun Han , Xiangang Li